Personality: Psychoanalytic Perspective

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Psychoanalytic theory is most strongly associated with the work of:

a. Helmholtz.

b. Freud.

c. Adler.

d. Cattell.

b. Freud.

A central theme underlying psychodynamic theory (and which gives rise to the name of the theory) is that personality

a. is a set of processes always in motion.

b. processes always work together.

c. reflects the fact that humans are not like other animals.

d. all of these answers are correct

a. is a set of processes always in motion.

According to Freud, the mind consists of _________ regions.

a. three

b. four

c. six

d. two

a. three

What components are included in Freud's topographical model of the mind?

a. Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

b. Primary process and secondary process

c. Id, ego, and superego

d. Thanatos and libido

a. Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

Which of the following is true about the preconscious?

a. It encompasses all inherited, instinctive aspects of personality.

b. It is not directly accessible to awareness.

c. It is the repository for unacceptable feelings and urges.

d. It is the part of the mind representing ordinary memory.

d. It is the part of the mind representing ordinary memory.

According to Freud, unacceptable urges, feelings, and ideas reside in the

a. conscious.

b. preconscious.

c. unconscious.

d. libido.

c. unconscious.

In Freud's "iceberg" analogy, the _________ represents the tip of the iceberg.

a. libido

b. conscious

c. unconscious

d. ego

b. conscious

According to Freud, the _________ is where the core operations of personality take place.

a. conscious

b. preconscious

c. unconscious

d. libido

c. unconscious

Research on delay of gratification has found that delay can be enhanced if the

a. desired object is placed in front of the child.

b. child engages in distraction techniques.

c. child is punished for touching the desired object.

d. child focuses on the desired reward.

b. child engages in distraction techniques.

An ability to delay gratification has been correlated with

a. certain aspects of intelligence.

b. concern for achievement.

c. concern for social responsibility.

d. all of these answers are correct

d. all of these answers are correct

Inability to delay gratification has been correlated with

a. concern about achievement.

b. greater satisfaction of urges.

c. use of marijuana in high school students.

d. all of these answers are correct

c. use of marijuana in high school students.

_________ plays a role in the development of criminal behavior.

a. Failure to successfully reach the genital stage of development

b. Failure to resolve the Oedipal complex

c. Inability to delay gratification

d. Conflict between the pleasure and reality principles

c. Inability to delay gratification

According to research, the delay of gratification in children is related to _________ in boys and _________ in girls.

a. ability to control emotional impulses; ability to concentrate

b. ability to concentrate; ability to control emotional impulses

c. ability to concentrate; intelligence

d. resourcefulness; intelligence

c. ability to concentrate; intelligence

Which of the following is one of the three elements of Freud's structural model?

a. Libido

b. Unconscious

c. Alter-ego

d. none of these are elements of Freud's structural model

d. none of these are elements of Freud's structural model

The idea that the purpose of life is the immediate satisfaction of one's needs is known as the

a. pleasure principle.

b. reality principle.

c. gratification principle.

d. none of these answers are correct

a. pleasure principle.

Wish fulfillment is a product of

a. the primary process.

b. the ego.

c. reflex actions.

d. the superego.

a. the primary process.

The purpose of the ego is to ensure that

a. tension is reduced immediately.

b. parental and societal values are followed.

c. instinctual drives are expressed appropriately.

d. all of these answers are correct

c. instinctual drives are expressed appropriately.

According to Freud, the id operates by _________, while the ego operates by

a. secondary process; primary process.

b. primary process; secondary process.

c. reality; secondary process.

d. pleasure; primary process.

b. primary process; secondary process.

The ego's attempt to find a match between the image of a tension-reducing object and a real perception of that object is known as

a. primary process.

b. secondary process.

c. ego search.

d. none of these answers are correct

b. secondary process.

This part of the mind is thought to have an "executive" role in personality.

a. Id

b. Ego

c. Superego

d. Preconscious

b. Ego

The superego is

a. essentially unconcerned with morality.

b. the first structural component of the mind to develop.

c. the embodiment of parental and societal values.

d. a narcissistic personality disorder.

c. the embodiment of parental and societal values.

The process of absorbing societal/parental values is called

a. sublimation.

b. introjection.

c. introspection.

d. projection.

b. introjection.

The functions of the superego include:

a. Inhibiting id impulses

b. Compelling the ego to act morally

c. Guiding one toward absolute perfection

d. all of these answers are correct

d. all of these answers are correct

According to Bettelheim, Freud purposely did not correct English translations of his work because

a. he thought Americans were too unsophisticated to fully appreciate his ideas.

b. he opposed the U.S. medical establishment's intent to medicalize psychoanalysis.

c. he was confident his ideas would be understood correctly after his death.

d. all of these answers are correct

b. he opposed the U.S. medical establishment's intent to medicalize psychoanalysis.

According to Bruno Bettelheim, Freud reacted to American misunderstandings of his work by

a. trying unsuccessfully to correct them.

b. trying successfully to correct them.

c. ignoring them.

d. repressing the urge to correct them.

c. ignoring them.

The ability to effectively handle the demands of the id, the superego, and external reality is known as

a. delaying gratification.

b. ego ideal.

c. ego strength.

d.sublimation

c. ego strength.

According to Freud, the best personality is one that is dominated by the

a. ego.

b. id.

c. super-ego.

d. none of these answers are correct

d. none of these answers are correct

Drives

a. are a combination of biological need and psychological representation.

b. operate intermittently.

c. become weaker when we prevent their expression.

d. all of these answers are correct

a. are a combination of biological need and psychological representation.

Freud used the term _________ to refer to the psychic energy of the life instincts.

a. libido

b. hedonistic power

c. Thanatos

d. none of these answers are correct

a. libido

The term Thanatos refers to

a. sexual instincts.

b. life instincts.

c. death instincts.

d. pain avoidance instincts.

c. death instincts.

Apoptosis refers to

a. the reversing of an anticathexis.

b. displacement involving inanimate objects.

c. gene-directed suicide.

d. none of these answers are correct

c. gene-directed suicide.

The release of emotional tension is known as

a. displacement.

b. catharsis.

c. sublimation.

d. introjection.

b. catharsis.

The process of preventing an idea or impulse from becoming conscious is known as

a. catharsis.

b. repression.

c. cathexis.

d. displacement.

b. repression.

Which defense mechanism works by ascribing one's own undesirable qualities to others?

a. Denial

b. Projection

c. Sublimation

d. Rationalization

b. Projection

Which of the following is an example of displacement?

a. A person who fails an exam yells at a roommate upon arriving at home.

b. A person diagnosed with cancer refuses to believe the diagnosis.

c. A person with aggressive sexual fantasies volunteers at a rape crisis center.

d. A person who cheated on an exam justifies it by saying that everyone else cheats.

a. A person who fails an exam yells at a roommate upon arriving at home.

The shifting of energy from a socially unacceptable action to a socially acceptable action is known as

a. displacement.

b. sublimation.

c. cathexis.

d. suppression.

b. sublimation.

According to Freud, which defense mechanism reflects maturity?

a. Sublimation

b. Displacement

c. Altruism

d. Anticathexis

a. Sublimation

According to Freud, each sexual drive is associated with a(n)

a. particular forbidden behavior.

b. erogenous zone.

c. life instinct.

d. oral fixation.

b. erogenous zone.

According to Freud, adult personality is primarily determined by

a. experiences in adulthood.

b. experiences in childhood.

c. innate differences.

d. difficulties of self-worth.

b. experiences in childhood.

Permanently investing an excessive amount of libido in a particular stage of psychosexual development is called

a. regression.

b. repression.

c. fixation.

d. retroaction.

c. fixation.

Optimism, trust, and dependency are associated with which psychosexual stage?

a. Oral incorporative stage

b. Oral sadistic stage

c. Anal retentive stage

d. Anal expulsive stage

a. Oral incorporative stage

Which of the following is NOT true about people who score high in oral imagery?

a. They are reluctant to volunteer for interpersonal tasks.

b. They rely on others' judgments in ambiguous tasks.

c. They use more physical contact during social interactions.

d. They have greater physiological reactivity to social isolation.

a. They are reluctant to volunteer for interpersonal tasks.

Orality is thought to be related to

a. less self-disclosure.

b. need to nurture others.

c. reluctance to volunteer for interpersonal tasks.

d. all of these answers are correct

b. need to nurture others.

The desire on the part of boys to possess their mothers and replace their fathers is termed

a. Oedipal displacement.

b. repressive sublimation.

c. the Electra complex.

d. the Oedipus complex.

d. the Oedipus complex.

Penis envy is the counterpart of

a. repression.

b. castration anxiety.

c. anitcathexis.

d. ego-ideal.

b. castration anxiety.

Among men, fixations that develop during the phallic stage may result in

a. seducing as many women as possible.

b. career failure.

c. fathering many children.

d. all of these answers are correct

d. all of these answers are correct

The latency period is characterized by

a. a period of relative calm.

b. narcissistic sexual attachments.

c. battles over toilet training.

d. none of these answers are correct

a. a period of relative calm

Puberty begins during which psychosexual stage?

a. Genital stage

b. Latency period

c. Phallic stage

d. Anal stage

b. Latency period

Successful negotiation of the genital stage is marked by

a. guilt-free autoeroticism.

b. the ability to use one's own narcissism in a constructive way.

c. the ability to share with others and to be concerned with their welfare.

d. none of these answers are correct

c. the ability to share with others and to be concerned with their welfare.

Mental errors that reflect unconscious desires are called

a. concealers.

b. parapraxes.

c. displacers.

d. anapraxes.

b. parapraxes.

Freud believed that latent dream content derives from:

a. nocturnal sensory stimulation.

b. current concerns of waking life.

c. repressed id impulses.

d. all of these answers are correct

d. all of these answers are correct

All projective tests

a. involve stimuli for which there are no prescribed ways to respond.

b. involve the construction of stories.

c. require the choice of a preferred stimulus.

d. rely on objective scoring methods.

a. involve stimuli for which there are no prescribed ways to respond.

When analyzing the Rorschach, examiners are concerned with all of the following aspects of response EXCEPT

a. location.

b. length.

c. determinants.

d. content.

b. length.

In Freud's view, unconscious material emerges through free association in a

a. literal form.

b. symbolic form.

c. repressed form.

d. sexual form.

b. symbolic form.

Resistance

a. can occur bot.h consciously and unconsciously.

b. is the struggle against becoming aware of repressed impulses.

c. is often a sign that a person is close to revealing something important.

d. all of these answers are correct

d. all of these answers are correct

According to psychoanalytic therapy, _________ is a set of displacements.

a. reaction formation

b. behavior change

c. resistance

d. transference

d. transference

Which of the following statements may be made about psychoanalytic therapy?

a. It is brief and applicable to all types of psychological dysfunction.

b. Freud was exceptionally optimistic about its use.

c. Eysenck proved it was more effective than no therapy at all.

d. It is difficult to establish its efficacy because of the subjective nature of its goals.

d. It is difficult to establish its efficacy because of the subjective nature of its goals.

Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of psychoanalytic theory?

a. The theory of defense mechanisms is so flexible that it can be reconciled with any finding.

b. It is difficult to know when to read Freud literally versus metaphorically.

c. It fails to mix inference with fact.

d. Many of Freud's concepts are unmeasureable.

c. It fails to mix inference with fact.