Quiz 3- plant class

Abscission

natural separation of leaf or fruit from stem due to death of a layer of cells

Adjuvant

material added to a spray mixture to extend the spreadability or adherence of the active ingredient.

Adventitious

buds, root or shoots arising from parts of the plant not considered the primary source of these structures.

Anthocyanins

water-soluble pigments located within the vacuole of a cell; generally red and blue in color.

Apical Dominance

predominant growth at the apical meristem (growing tip) due to concentration of auxins that suppresses lateral growth of parts below the plant tips.

Auxin

group of plant growth regulators with roles in bud development and cell elongation.

Axillary bud

a sprout that develops in the axil of a plant, which is the angle formed by the upper side of the stem and an outgrowing leaf or branch. They can eventually develop into a new stem (axillary stem) or flowers (floral bud).

Blanching

(in plant production) – the withholding of light to maintain white tissue (as in cauliflower, Belgian endive, or asparagus) during growth.

Bolting

sudden seedstalk emergence, generally due to plant stress.

Bud

region of differentiated and meristematic cells from which leaves, flowers, and stems develop.

Bulb

underground storage organ consisting of fleshy, enlarged leaf bases attached to an insignificant stem plate.

Calyx

aka sepals – outer floral leaflike structures at the base of the flower – collectively termed the

Capsaicin

phenolic compound responsible for the pungency in peppers.

Carotenoids

plant pigments responsible for yellow or orange color, some of which contain vitamin A.

Chimera

a genetic mutation in which a specific segment of tissue is genetically distinct from the remainder of the plant.

Chlorophyll

green pigment in chloroplasts of the cell; this molecule captures light energy for photosynthesis.

Chlorosis

destruction of chlorophyll due to disease, environmental conditions, or insufficient nutrient uptake.

Complete Flower

a flower having petals, sepals, stamens and pistil.

Cotyledon

seed leaf or leaves at the first node of a primary stem.

Curing

process by which produce is placed in an environment fostering chemical changes and/or healing of wounds.

Cutin

wax material on plant surfaces

Damping-Off

term for soilborne seeding diseases characterized by the collapse of the stem at the soil line.

Day Neutral

flowering not affected by length of daylight.

Determinant

stem in which growth is terminated by a flower cluster; sometimes referred to as a self-pruning plant.

Dioecious

male and female flowers occur on separate plants (example – Asparagus)

Dormancy

rest period when the state of minimum metabolic activity occurs as a result of environmental conditions.

Edema

blistering of plant tissue caused when plants take up more water through the roots than they can use or release through their leaves.

Epicotyl

portion of the embryo above the cotyledons, consisting of stem tips and embryonic leaves.

Epidermis

covering or outer layer of cells of plant structures.

Etiolation

Spindly growth, the result of little to no light, characterized by long internodes, light color and soft tissue growth.

Eye

apical and lateral buds of potato tubers or sweet potato roots.

Fallow

plowed and harrowed but left unplanted for a period in order to restore its fertility as part of a crop rotation or to avoid surplus production. Also known as “resting” fields.

Germination

activating of growth of the embryo, beginning with imbibition of water, and ending with external appearance of the radicle.

Gynoecious

A plant having all flowers pistillate (female)

Hybrid

cross of two genotypically distinct parents

Hydrocooling

the use of removing field heat from harvested produce by using cold, flowing water.

Hypocotyl

the stem of an embryo between the root and the cotyledons.

Imperfect flower

flower including only male or female reproductive parts.

Incomplete flower

flower that is missing some or all of its parts.

Indeterminant

stem growth is terminated by a vegetative bud. Flowering occurs on axillary stems.

Internode

the stem area between leaf nodes

Locule

seed cavities of tomato and pepper.

Long Day

plants in which flowering occurs when length of daylight exceeds a threshold.

Meristem

region of the plant where active cell division takes place.

Monoecious

male and female flowers occur separately, but on the same plant. (ex. Squash)

Necrosis

dead tissue resulting from disease, insect damage, or environmental stress.

Node

stem region, occasionally swollen, including an apical meristem (bud) usually subtended by a leaf or petiole.

Olericulture

a term for the area of study of horticulture that deals with the production, storage, processing, and marketing of vegetables.

Petiole

stalk attaching a leaf to a stem.

Photoperiod

length of day; normally used to classify plants by flowering response.

Phototropism

growth response to directional light. Normally plants grow towards light.

Pistil

complete female structure of a plant.

Pollination

transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma

Postemergence

referring to herbicide application after emergence of the crop.

Preemergence

referring to herbicide application before the seeded crop has emerged, but after seeding.

Pubescence

surface hairs on leaves, stems, seeds, or fruits.

Radicle

the portion of the embryo that becomes the primary root.

Root hair

elongated epidermal cell of a root, active in absorption.

Russet

fine surface corkiness resulting from minute growth cracks and subsequent healing. Can be caused by abnormal growth, damage from insects, damage from chemicals, or damage from abrasion.

Senescence

process of aging and dying in plants.

Short Day

plants that will flower when the daylength is less than a threshold.

Stamen

male structure of the flower including the anther and filament.

Stigma

structure of the pistil that receives the pollen.

Stoma (stomata plural form)

opening or pore bordered by guard cells that regulate its size; site of gas exchange between leaves and atmosphere.

Sucker

shoot or tiller arising from an axillary node (bud).

Tendril

modified leaves or leaflets or stems, coiled to provide support for climbing plants.

Trichome

bristle or hair from an epidermis.

Tuber

modified, enlarged stem, developing at the tip of a rhizome or stolon.

Whorl

arrangement of three of more leaves or buds in a circle at one node (example corn)