Circulatory System (Blood) and Hematology Flashcards

A complete set of 200 vocabulary flashcards based on the lecture notes about blood, the circulatory system, and hematology.

Circulatory system

The organ system consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Cardiovascular system

refers to only the heart and blood vessels

Hematology

The study of blood

Transport function of circulatory system

carry O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, hormones, and stem cells

Protection function

inflammation, limiting infection spread, destroying microorganisms and cancer cells, neutralizing toxins, and initiating clotting.

Regulation function

fluid balance, stabilizes pH of ECF, and temp control

Blood

A liquid connective tissue consisting of cells and an extracellular matrix

Plasma

The matrix of blood: a clear, light-yellow fluid.

Formed elements of blood

cells and cell fragments

Erythrocytes

red blood cells

Platelets

Fragments of certain bone marrow cells

Leukocytes

white blood cells

Granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

Agranulocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes.

Adult blood volume

4 to 6 liters

Blood fractionation

separation of blood into basic components based on centrifugation and coagulation

Hematocrit

total volume of whole blood that is RBC’s

Buffy coat

narrow cream-colored zone containing WBC’s and platelets, making up $1\%$ or less of total blood volume.

Plasma volume percentage

47-63% of blood volume

Blood serum

Plasma without clotting proteins

Fibrin

protein that forms the framework of a blood clot.

Plasma proteins

most abundant solute by weight in blood plasma.

Albumins

smallest and most abundant plasma proteins, responsible for transport, buffering $pH$, and contributing to viscosity and osmolarity.

Globulins

Plasma proteins divided into alpha, beta, and gamma subclasses, roles in transport, clotting, and immunity.

Fibrinogen

The soluble precursor of fibrin

Nitrogenous wastes

Toxic end products of catabolism found in plasma.

Urea

The most abundant nitrogenous waste, produced from amino acid catabolism and removed by the kidneys.

Plasma electrolytes

Sodium ($Na^+$) makes up $90\%$ of these plasma cations.

Viscosity

resistance of a fluid to flow (thickness or stickiness)

Whole blood viscosity

$4.5$ to $5.5$ times as viscous as water.

Plasma viscosity

$2.0$ times as viscous as water.

Major contributors to viscosity

Erythrocytes and albumin

Osmolarity

total concentration of solute particles

High blood osmolarity

Causes blood to absorb too much water, leading to increased blood pressure.

Low blood osmolarity

Causes water to stay in tissues, drops blood pressure and edema

Colloid osmotic pressure (COP)

contribution of protein to blood osmotic pressure, crucial for water balance.

Hematopoiesis

production of blood, especially its formed elements.

Lymphoid hematopoiesis

Blood formation in lymphoid organs

Myeloid hematopoiesis

Blood formation in red bone marrow.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

Multipotent stem cells in bone marrow

Colony-forming units (CFUs)

Specialized cells derived from stem cells destined to produce a specific class of formed element.

Erythrocyte function

transport oxygen from lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs.

RBC morphology

Discoid cells with a biconcave shape, featuring a thick rim and thin sunken center.

RBC diameter

Approximately $7.5\,\mu m$.

RBC thickness at rim

Approximately $2.0\,\mu m$.

RBC mitochondria status

Lack mitochondria and rely on anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP.

RBC nucleus status

Lack a nucleus and DNA, resulting in no protein synthesis or mitosis.

Hemoglobin percentage in cytoplasm

$33\%$ of the erythrocyte's cytoplasm

Hemoglobin count per RBC

Approximately $280$ million molecules.

Carbonic anhydrase (CAH)

enzyme in the RBC cytoplasm that produces carbonic acid from $CO_2$ and water

RBC glycolipids

Molecules on the outer membrane surface that determine a person's blood type.

Spectrin and Actin

Cytoskeletal proteins on inner membrane surface that give resilience and durability to RBCs

Hemoglobin structure

Consists of four protein chains called globins and four heme groups

Adult hemoglobin types

Two alpha chains and two beta chains, though $2.5\%$ of adults have delta chains instead of beta

Fetal hemoglobin

Contains two gamma chains in place of beta chains.

Heme group

nonprotein moiety that binds with a ferrous ion at center.

Hematocrit

Men- $42\%$ to $52\%$, Women- 37% to 48%

Hemoglobin concentration

Men- $13$ to $18\,g/dL$, Women- 12 to 16 g/dL

RBC count

Men- $4.6$ to $6.2$ million/$\mu L$, Women- 4.2 to 5.4 million/$\mu L$

Why do women have lower RBC values?

Androgens stimulate production, menstrual losses, and hematocrit is inversely proportional to body fat.

Daily RBC production rate

$100$ billion cells per day, $1$ million per second.

Average RBC life span

About $120$ days.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

hormone from kidneys that stimulates the erythrocyte colony-forming unit.

Erythroblast (Normoblast)

stage in erythropoiesis where cells multiply and synthesize hemoglobin

Reticulocyte

precursor RBC, named for its fine network of polyribosomes, which leaves the bone marrow to mature.

Hypoxemia

oxygen deficiency in the blood

Dietary iron forms

ferric ($Fe^{3+}+$) and ferrous ($Fe^{2+}+$)

Gastroferritin

protein that binds ferrous ion ($Fe^{2+}+$) and transports it to the small intestine.

Transferrin

plasma protein that transports iron to the bone marrow, liver, and other tissues.

Apoferritin

liver protein that binds iron to create a storage complex.

Ferritin

iron-storage complex formed by iron binding to apoferritin.

Erythropoiesis nutritional requirements

Vitamin $B_{12}$, folic acid, Vitamin $C$, and copper.

Hemolysis

rupture of red blood cells in the spleen and liver.

Globin disposal

Hydrolyzed into free amino acids

Biliverdin

green pigment converted from heme after iron is removed

Bilirubin

yellow-green pigment converted from biliverdin that binds to albumin in plasma

Bile pigments

collective term for biliverdin and bilirubin.

Antigens

Complex molecules on cell membrane surface used to distinguish self from foreign matter

Antibodies

Proteins that bind to antigens, marking them for destruction.

Agglutinogens

specific antigens on the surface of RBCs that trigger clumping

Agglutinins

antibodies that bind to agglutinogens.

Agglutination

antibody binds multiple foreign cells together into large clumps.

ABO blood group

Blood types A, B, AB, and O

Blood type A

Possesses antigen A and anti-B antibodies.

Blood type B

Possesses antigen B and anti-A antibodies.

Blood type AB

Possesses antigens A and B but no anti-A or anti-B antibodies.

Blood type O

Possesses no A or B antigens but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

Universal recipient

Type AB blood, because it contains no anti-A or anti-B antibodies.

Universal donor

Type O blood, because its RBCs lack A and B antigens.

Rh blood group antigens

antigens C, D, and E.

Antigen D

most reactive Rh antigen; presence defines a person as $Rh$ -positive.

Anti-D antibodies

Not normally present; only form after an $Rh$-negative person is exposed to $Rh$-positive blood.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

Aka erythroblastosis fetalis, occurs when anti-D antibodies from an $Rh$-negative mother attack $Rh$-positive fetal RBCs

RhoGAM (Rh immune globulin)

medication given to pregnant $Rh$-negative women to prevent the formation of anti-D antibodies.

White blood cell characteristics

least abundant formed elements; possess a conspicuous nucleus and retain organelles.

Nonspecific granules

Lysosomes found in the cytoplasm of all WBC’s

Specific granules

Granules containing enzymes and chemicals found only in granulocytes

Neutrophils

leukocytes making up $60\%$ to $70\%$ WBCs, first line of defense, helps your immune system fight infections and heal injuries.

Eosinophils

Leukocytes making up $2\%$ to $4\%$ WBCs, involved in parasitic infections and allergies

Basophils

The rarest leukocytes (less than $0.5\%$), which secrete histamine and heparin