Exam 2 Rad Tech

how many cranial bones are there?

8

list the cranial bones:

frontal
parietal (2)
sphenoid
temporal (2)
occipital
ethmoid

how many facial bones are there:

14

list the facial bones:

maxillary (2)
zygomatic (2)
lacrimal (2)
nasal (2)
inferior nasal conchae (2)
palatine (2)
vomer
mandible

the cranium is composed of the ____________ (skullcap) & the ______________

calvarium
floor

the skull cap of the cranium is composed of:

frontal
right parietal
left parietal
occipital

the floor of the cranium is composed of:

right temporal
left temporal
sphenoid
ethmoid

important structures of the frontal bone:

glabella
supraorbital margin (SOM)

important structures of the parietal & occipital bones:

parietal tubercle (eminence)
external occipital protuberance (inion)

which cranial bone includes the glabella which is a surface landmark?

frontal

most inferior, posterior, bone of the calvarian:

occipital

the squamous portion of the occipital bone is where the __________ is located

inion

3 parts of the temporal bones:

squamous portion
mastoid portion
petrous portion (petrous pyramid)

the petrous ridge is at the level of the _______

TEA

important structures of the temporal bone:

petrous pyramid
internal acoustic meatus

important structures of the sphenoid bone:

anterior clinoid process
clivus
sella turcica
dorsum sellae

the sphenoid bone is the center of the ______________

cranium

important structures of the ethmoid bone:

crista gali
cribiform plate
perpendicular plate

most superior portion of the ethmoid bone:

crista gali

what bone contains petrous ridges (TEA level) & important for image criteria for the skull:

temporal

joints of the cranium are known as ________________

sutures

classification of the joints of the cranium:

fibrous
synarthrodial
immovable

sutures of the cranium:

coronal
sagittal
lamboidal
squamosal

bony points of the cranium:

bregma
lambda
right pterion
left pterion
right asterion
left asterion

the infant cranium contains ______________

fontanels

fontanels of the infant skull:

anterior
posterior
right sphenoid
left sphenoid
right mastoid
left mastoid

ossification of the infant cranium is:

incomplete at birth

definition of sutures:

membrane covered spaces that fill in after birth

definition of fontanels:

regions where sutures join more slowly

definition of soft spots:

anterior & posterior fontanels

which suture in the adult skull separates the two parietal bones from the occipital bone?

lambdoidal

which bony point of the skull would be located posterior to left ear where squamosal & lambdoidal sutures meet?

left asterion

the average skull size is known as:

mesocephalic

mesocephalic:

width is between 75-80% of length (normal)

brachycephalic:

width is 80% or more of length (short & broad)

dolichocephalic:

width is less than 75% of length (long & narrow)

common positioning errors for headwork:

rotation
tilt
excessive neck flexion
excessive neck extension
incorrect CR angle

common positioning error when the head is turned too far right or left:

rotation

which facial bone connects to the temporal bone by means of a process with the same name?

zygomatic bone

which facial bone contains the acanthion used for positioning?

maxillary bone

which facial bones cannot be seen from the outside of the skull?

palatine & vomer bones

what is true about the nasal conchae?

there are 3 nasal conchae
only 1 is a facial bone
inferior=facial
superior & middle = ethmoid (cranial)

the right and left maxillary bones touches what 3 cavities of the face?

mouth
nose
eyes

important structures of the R & L maxillary bone:

palatine processes
alveolar process
frontal process
zygomatic process
zygomatic arch
zygomatic prominence

important structure of the nasal bones:

nasion

the ____________ nasal conchae is on its own facial bone

inferior

important structures of the palatine bones:

vertical portion of palatine bone
horizontal portion of the palatine bone

the _________ bone looks like a deviated septum on an image

vomer

the vomer bone is the ____________________ part of the nasal septum

inferosuperior

only movable bone in adult skull
fuse @ the age of 1-->2
largest bone of the facial bones

mandible

important structures of the mandible:

mental point
mentum
angle (gonion)
coronoid process
condyloid process

what does EAM stand for?

external acoustic meatus

what does GML stand for?

glabellomeatal line

what does OML stand for?

orbitomeatal line

what does IOML stand for?

infraorbitalmeatal line

what does AML stand for?

acanthiomeatal line

what does LML stand for?

lips-meatal line

what does MML stand for?

mentomeatal line

what does GAL stand for?

glabelloalveolar line

what is the preferred body position for patients when performing headwork?

erect

bariatric patients can't flex their neck to use their OML, what other positioning line could you use?

IOML (7 degree difference)

general positioning considerations:

erect vs. recumbent
patient comfort
hygiene
radiation protection
artifacts
OID
critical thinking

important structures of the sphenoid bone:

anterior clinica

which bone of is apart of the cranium?

ethmoid

hanging protocol for AP/PA skulls:

frontal view
patient's right side is on the viewers left side of the monitor

hanging protocol for lateral skull:

patient facing right side of monitor for a left lateral
patient facing left side of monitor for a right lateral

hanging protocol for SMV:

patients chin is superior to the top of the head (hung as taken)

ROUTINE skull projections:

AP AXIAL TOWNE
PA AXIAL
- 15 degree (CALDWELL)
- 25-30 degree
PA
LATERAL

special skull projections:

SMV
PA AXIAL (HAAS)

what cranial bone do the AP AXIAL (TOWNE) & PA AXIAL (HAAS) demonstrate?

occipital bone

for SMV or submentovertical projection, the patient's head is resting on the highest point of the skill known as the ______________

vertex

the ___________ facial bone is NOT paired

vomer

ROUTINE facial bone projections:

LATERAL
PARIETOACANTHIAL (WATERS METHOD)
PA AXIAL (CALDWELL)
MODIFIED PARIETOACANTHIAL (WATERS)

for waters method, which positioning line is perpendicular to the plane of the IR?

MML

when positioning for a PA AXIAL (CALDWELL) where does the CR exit?

nasion

when performing modified parietoacanthial (WATERS) what angle is formed between OML and the IR?

55 degree angle

ROUTINE nasal bone projections:

LATERAL (BILATERAL)
PARIETOACANTHIAL (WATERS METHOD)

Special nasal bone projection:

Superoinferior Tangential (AXIAL) Projection

where is the CR for lateral nasal bones?

1/2” inferior to nasion

what is the difference between water facial bones & water nasal?

collimation

the IR is perpendicular to which line for superoinferior tangential (AXIAL) projection of the nasal bones?

GAL

paranasal sinuses:

lined with mucous membranes
divided into 4 groups
all communicate via the Nasal Cavity

4 groups of paranasal sinuses:

frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
maxillary

the frontal sinuses are contained within the:

frontal cranial bone

the ethmoid sinuses are contained within the:

ethmoid cranial bone

the sphenoid sinuses are contained within the:

sphenoid cranial bones

the maxillary sinus is contained within the:

maxillary facial bones

frontal sinuses:

located between the inner & outer layers of the skull
vary in number presence & size
- most common to see in 2
- larger in men than women
- may be absent altogether

ethmoid sinuses:

contained within the lateral masses of labyrinths of the ethmoid bone
3 collections
- anterior
- middle
- posterior
appear to fill the orbits on lateral view

sphenoid sinuses:

location: within the body of the sphenoid bone just below the sella turcica
located near the base of the floor of the cranium

maxillary sinuses:

location: within the body of each maxillary bone
pyramid shaped on frontal view
cube shaped on lateral view
communicates with nasal cavity at the middle nasal meatus

function of osteomeatal complex:

drainage route for the paranasal sinuses

key passageways of the osteomeatal complex:

infundibulum
middle nasal meatus
inferior nasal meatus

function of infundibulum:

drains maxillary sinus

function of middle nasal meatus:

drains infundibulum & ethmoid billa
fluid then moves to the inferior nasal meatus

function of the inferior nasal meatus:

drains middle nasal meatus
last stop before exits the body through the nostril

of the 4 sinuses which is not formed by the cranium?

maxillary

which sinus fills the orbits on the lateral view?

ethmoid

what is the name of the pathway that drains the maxillary sinus?

infundibulum

routine sinus view:

LATERAL
PA CALDWELL
WATERS
WATERS OPEN MOUTH
SMV