Exam 2 interpsersonal comm

What is relational turbulence theory?

explains how people communicate when circumstances change within their relationships. 

What is the goal of relational turbulence theory?

determine how transitions in relationships influence uncertainty and interference between partners and how uncertainty and interference influence communication between partners 

What is the metatheoretical orientation of relational turbulence theory?

Post-positive theory

What is relational uncertainty?

 degree to which one is unsure about the nature or future of the relationship 

Roger and Tracy have been dating for a while. Although they used to hang out every Friday, Tracey more and more has plans on Fridays without him. He's wondering if she continues to want to be in the relationship. Roger is experiencing which of the following?

Partner uncertainty

Although Mila and Andy are happily dating, they don't want to make plans for life after graduation. They will be moving to different states and they aren't sure their relationship can survive the distance. Which are they experiencing?

relationship - uncertainty 

Emma has been dating Tyler for a few months, but now noticing other people she'd like to date, and she's wondering if she really wants to be in the relationship with Tyler. This is an example of which of the following?

self-uncertainty

When your partner gets in the way of your achieving your

goals, this is referred to as which of the following?

Interference

The item, "My spouse helps me use my time well" reflects which scale?

 Facilitation

Chaotic to stable, calm to turbulent, tumultuous to running

smoothly, and peaceful to stressful are ways to measure

which of the following?

Turbulence

What did Brisini & Taylor study?

 to examine the associations between the relationship parameters of married parents (as described by RTT) and their communication during a disagreement related to parenting a teenager 

What was Brisini & Taylor H1 results?

parenting stress is positively associated with (a) relational uncertainty and (b) interference from a partner, and © negatively associated with facilitation from a partner 

What was Brisini & Taylor H2 results?

during a disagreement related to parenting a teenager, (a) relational uncertainty and (b) interference from a partner are positively associated with, and © facilitation from a partner is negatively associated with perceptions of negative conflict communication 

What was Brisini & Taylor H3 results?

 During a disagreement related to parenting a teenager, (a) relational uncertainty and (b) interference from a partner are positively associated with and © facilitation from a partner is negatively associated with reports of withdrawal

According to Hypothesis 1, increased parenting stress is associated with which of the following?

Increased relational uncertainty

According to Hypothesis 2, which of the following was not predicted?

Increased relational uncertainty is associated with less negative conflict communication. 

According to H3, what should be associated with less withdrawal?

Increased facilitation 

For the results of H1 of relational turbulence theory, which relationship was not supported by the data?

 increased parenting stress is associated with less facilitation from a partner. 

Although increased uncertainty and interference are associated with negative communication behavior and withdrawal, facilitation is not.

true

Increased coparenting alliance is associated with less relationship uncertainty, less interference from a partner, and more facilitation from a partner.

true

What is social support?

information leading the person to believe he or she is cared for and loved, esteemed and valued, and part of a social network 

What is supportive communication?

verbal and nonverbal behaviors produced with the intention of providing assistance to others who are perceived as needing that aid

What are the benefits of social support?

• survival (50%)

• well-being

• Helps regulate emotions

• Reduces stress effects

Your friend has a large group of friends but still feels unsupported. What concept explains this?

structural support

Someone receives advice from a friend, but it doesn’t actually help them feel better. What concept is this focusing on?

functional support

A friend gives advice or tries to comfort someone during a stressful time. What is this an example of?

Enacted support

A person feels that the support they received was unhelpful or made them feel worse. What concept is this?

Received support

James was sick last week and missed both of his English classes. As

he prepares for his exam, he is worried as he doesn’t have the notes

he needs. When he tells his classmate Lizzie (who does have the

notes), she says, “That stinks. You’re a good student, and I’ll sure

you’ll work it out.” Her response is frustrating to James. Why?

He wanted problem-focused support and received emotion-

focused support

Danielle explained that she wasn’t at the gym for the past

week because she had been sick and was getting over it. Her

friend from the gym said, “Oh, I’m sorry. That stinks! Glad to

see you back at the gym. I hope you’re feeling better!”

This is an example of which form of person-centered

message:

Moderate verbal person centeredness

Assuming the stressor was recent and you are close to the

person who is stressed and needs support, which type of

supportive message is associated with the best improvement

outcomes?

High verbal person centeredness

Your friend is trying to comfort you. Their words feel dismissive and like they are blaming you for the event that is stressing you out. However, they are also sitting with you, orienting to you, and generally giving high quality non-verbal support. How are you likely to evaluate their support quality?

Low person centeredness

According to Brisini and Wang, increased use of low person-

centered messages is associated with which outcome?

Increased psychological reactance

What did Brisini and Wang (2024) study and find?

H1: In the context of a problem with a friend or romantic partner, (a)

LPC messages (compared to HPC messages) are negatively

associated with, and (b) relational closeness and (c) PSA are

positively associated with perceptions of support quality.

 what is the relationship between LPC and HPC messages and relational closeness and psychological reactance?

LPC messages are positively associated with psychological

reactance compared to HPC messages.

What two things do message recipients need to fully process and consider supportive messages?

They need to have motivation and the ability to process a message 

What is the goal of the theory of resilience and relational

load?

To determine why some couples do better than others

in the face of stressor

What is the metatheoretical orientation of the Theory of Resilience and Relational Load?

Post-Positive theory

What role does stress play in this model?

stress is inevitable

What is resilience in this model?

developed over time by experiencing adversity and learning what perceptions and communicative responses are adaptive in adverse situations (resilience as an outcome)

What is communal orientation?

The extent to which relational partners are a team or unified front in managing the stressor

What are relational maintenance behaviors? What are the common ones?

• howing affection (e.g., hugs and kisses, “I love you”) 

• Expressing gratitude

• Engaging in activities together 

• Asking about the other person’s day 

• Eating dinner together 

• Quality time alone

What is the value of daily relational maintenance

behaviors?

They are investments in the relationship.

They are influence resilience calibration and reduce the perception of stress in stressful events

They create emotional reserves that couples and families can call upon later when needed

After experiencing a stressor, if I feel like I can talk to my partner, and lean on my partner to constructively discuss the stressor, I am likely experiencing a ________ appraisal of the stressor.

security

Which of the following result was supported in the Salehuddin

et al. (2023) study?

The greater an individual’s communal coping at the

beginning of the pandemic, the lower their conflict across

the other 3 time periods.

This theory represents two metatheroetical orientations. Which proposition(s) is/are interpretive and which is/are post-positive?

Proposition 1 is interpretive and 2-7 are post-positive

Mario’s research project includes analyzing narratives about

people’s experiences using artificial intelligence to help them

achieve their work tasks. His results demonstrate three

themes of AI as a tool, AI as confusing, and AI as replacing

individual effort and thought. He is studying narrative in

which fashion:

retrospective storytelling

What is interactional storytelling?

How people co-construct stories together through communication behaviors (engagement, turn-taking, CPT, coherence)

What are the 4 sets of behaviors in storytelling?

engagement, turn-taking, communicated perspective taking, and coherence

As described in the interactional storytelling heuristic, there are

four interactional sense-making behaviors. Which has the greatest

impact

A. Engagement

– the degree to which storytellers are warm and involved

B. Turn-taking

– the ways that relational members negotiate their participation in the

telling (ex. Interruptions, overlaps, each’s talk time)

C. Communicated Perspective Taking

– the degree to which interactional partners attend both verbally and

nonverbally to each other’s point of view, including confirming and

disagreeing with the other’s perspective

D. Coherence

– the degree to which storytelling is both organized and integrated

communicated perspective taking

There are 3 heuristics in Communicated Narrative Sense-Making theory. Which describes that if we can get individuals to reframe stories positively and promote ISMs that we can improve individual's individual and relational well-being.

Translational storytelling heuristic 

What are 6 behaviors that occur during communicated perspective taking?

(dis)agreement 

Attentiveness 

Ir(relevant) contributions 

(Un) coordination 

Positive (or negative) tone 

Freedom (constraint)

The goal of the Scharp et al. study is to understand other-presentation. What is the definition of this term?

Ways third parties create impressions of others

Which type of story was about a child who was mischievous or naughty when young but well-mannered as an adult?

The prodigal child 

Which type of story was described as the child, although not misbehaving, was making an experience less enjoyable for the parent.

The party pooper 

Parents tell stories about their children for several reasons. Which reason is because the story is told in the sprit of fun and the children are generally "not thrilled" these stories are told.

to tease

There are several reasons parents tell stories about their children. Which reason is to demonstrate a lack of approval for a behavior?

to rebuke

What did Kellas et al. (2021) study, how did they do their research, and what did they find?

H1: Higher levels of CPT will predict higher levels of storytellers' perception of their friend’s (a) communication competence, (b) CPT, and lower levels of © face threatening was the only hypothesis supported

High person-centered support is always the best and most approprite type of support.

false

Increased use of low person-centered messages was associated with less relational closeness.

true

Although increased stress is associated with increased conflict, those with higher communal orientation engage in less conflict. 

true

Increased relational load is associated with less conflict and improved mental health.

false

For both the communal orientation and the relational load models, stress independently influenced mental health.

true

According to Mandelbaum, potential storytellers typically need to signal that a story is coming and the listener will encourage or discourage the telling of that story.

true

Increased degree of interactional sense making is associated with the increased ability to understand, explain, and gain meaning from a story.

true