History Final

Enclosures

The process of fencing off common land in England so it became private property. This increased farming efficiency but forced many farmers to move to cities.

Crop Rotation

A farming method where different crops are planted in the same field each season to keep the soil healthy and improve harvests.

Industrialization

The shift from hand production and farming to machine production in factories.

Factories

Large buildings where goods are produced by machines and workers.

Entrepreneur

A person who starts and manages a business, often taking financial risks to make a profit.

Menelik II

Emperor of Ethiopia who successfully defeated Italy at the Battle of Adwa (1896), helping Ethiopia remain independent.

Raj

British colonial rule in India from 1858 to 1947.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Philippine independence movement against Spain and later the United States.

Sepoy Mutiny

An 1857 uprising by Indian soldiers against British rule, also called the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Queen Liliuokalani

The last queen of Hawaii, overthrown by American business interests in 1893.

Boxer Rebellion

A Chinese uprising (1899–1901) against foreign influence and control in China.

Pancho Villa

A Mexican revolutionary who fought during the Mexican Revolution and raided towns in the United States.

José Martí

A Cuban writer and revolutionary who fought for Cuba's independence from Spain.

Open Door Policy

A U.S. policy that called for equal trading rights in China for all nations.

Russo-Japanese War

A war fought over control of Korea and Manchuria. Japan's victory shocked the world because it defeated a major European power.

Sphere of Influence

An area where a foreign nation has special economic or political control.

Spanish-American War

A short war that resulted in the United States gaining territories such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Treaty of Kanagawa

An agreement that opened Japanese ports to American trade and ended Japan's long isolation.

Enclosures

The process of fencing off common land in England so it became private property. This increased farming efficiency but forced many farmers to move to cities.

Crop Rotation

A farming method where different crops are planted in the same field each season to keep the soil healthy and improve harvests.

Industrialization

The shift from hand production and farming to machine production in factories.

Factories

Large buildings where goods are produced by machines and workers.

Entrepreneur

A person who starts and manages a business, often taking financial risks to make a profit.

Militarism

The belief that a country should maintain a strong military and be prepared to use it.

Alliances

Agreements between countries to support one another, especially during war.

Imperialism

A policy in which a nation extends its power by gaining control over other territories.

Nationalism

Strong pride and loyalty to one's nation.

"Powder Keg of Europe"

Nickname for the Balkans because tensions there threatened to start a major war.

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's strategy to quickly defeat France before turning to fight Russia.

Role of Mexico in U.S. Entry into WWI

Germany sent the Zimmermann Telegram, proposing that Mexico ally with Germany against the United States. When the message was revealed, American support for entering the war increased.

Armistice

An agreement to stop fighting. World War I ended with an armistice on November 11, 1918.

Fourteen Points

A peace plan proposed by Woodrow Wilson that promoted self-determination, free trade, and the creation of the League of Nations.

Central Powers

The alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.

Allies

The alliance that included Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and later the United States.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

The emperor of Germany during World War I.

Otto von Bismarck

The leader who unified Germany in 1871 and created alliances to maintain peace in Europe.

Total War

A type of warfare in which a country uses all of its resources—economic, industrial, and human, to support the war effort.

Mein Kampf

A book written by Adolf Hitler outlining Nazi beliefs and goals.

Lebensraum

German for "living space"; Hitler's idea that Germany needed more territory for its people.

Nazism

The political ideology of Hitler and the Nazi Party, emphasizing extreme nationalism, dictatorship, and racial superiority.

Fascism

A political system with a strong dictator, limited freedoms, and extreme nationalism.

Socialism

An economic system in which the government owns or controls key industries to promote equality.

Communism

A system in which all property is publicly owned and social classes are eliminated.

Coalition Government

A government formed when multiple political parties work together because no single party has enough power to govern alone.

"Il Duce":

"The Leader"; the title used by Benito Mussolini.

Great Depression

A severe global economic downturn marked by high unemployment, bank failures, and poverty.

Axis Powers

The alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan.

Allied Powers

The alliance led by Britain, the Soviet Union, the United States, China, and France.

Nonaggression Pact

An agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 promising not to attack one another.

Benito Mussolini

Dictator of Italy and founder of Fascism.

Charles de Gaulle

French military leader who organized resistance against Nazi Germany.

Winston Churchill

British prime minister who led Britain through much of World War II.

Joseph Stalin

Leader of the Soviet Union during World War II.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President of the United States for most of World War II.

Blitzkrieg

"Lightning war"—a German military strategy using fast-moving tanks, aircraft, and troops to quickly overwhelm enemies.

"The Day That Will Live in Infamy"

Phrase used by Roosevelt to describe the Japanese attack on Attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.

Battle of Britain

A major air battle in which Britain successfully defended itself from German attacks.

Battle of the Bulge

Germany's last major attack on Allied forces in Western Europe.

Battle of Midway

A turning point in the Pacific War where the United States defeated Japan.

D-Day

The Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied France.

Auschwitz

The largest Nazi concentration and extermination camp, where over a million people were murdered.

Atomic bombing of Hiroshima

The first use of an atomic bomb in warfare by the United States against Japan.

Atomic bombing of Nagasaki

The second atomic bombing of Japan, which helped lead to Japan's surrender.

Nuremberg Trials

Trials that prosecuted major Nazi leaders for war crimes and crimes against humanity.

Tribunals

Special courts established to investigate and prosecute individuals accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity.

Nonaggression pact

What was the name of the 10-year agreement signed between Stalin and Hitler in 1939?

False

The Soviet Union expected a long, difficult winter war when they invaded Finland.

September 1, 1939

When did the Soviet Union expected a long, difficult winter war when they invaded Finland.

Blitzkrieg

What was the German military strategy of 'lightning war' called?

Poland

The secret part of the nonaggression pact allowed Germany and the USSR to divide what country?

Maginot Line

What was the system of fortifications along the French-German border where Allied troops waited?

Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia

Which Baltic countries did the Soviet Union agree to take over under the secret pact?

Invasion of Poland, Declaration of war by UK/France, Invasion of Finland, Invasion of Denmark

What events happened in order of Early WWII?

Dunkirk

At which French port city were Allied forces trapped with their backs to the sea in 1940?

June 22, 1940

On what date did the French leaders officially surrender to Germany?

Adolf Hitler

Who was the leader of Germany during the fall of France?

Winston Churchill (prime minister)

Who was the leader of Britain during the fall of France?

Philippe Petain

Who was the government head of Vichy during the fall of France?

Charles de Gualle (free french leader)

Who was the leader of France during the fall of France?

Four hours

How long did it take for Denmark to fall after the German attack on April 9, 1940?

Ardennes

Through which heavily wooded area did Hitler send his tanks to bypass the Maginot Line?

338,000

How many soldiers were rescued from Dunkirk by the 'amateur armada'?

Charles de Gaulle

Who was the French general that set up a government-in-exile in London?

Vichy

Where was the headquarters of the puppet government in southern France located?

Philippe Pétain

Who was the French hero of WWI who headed the puppet government in southern France?

Radar

Which electronic tracking system helped the RAF detect incoming German planes?

Royal Air Force

What does RAF stand for?

Enigma

What was the name of the German code-making machine smuggled into Great Britain?

Night bombing

To avoid RAF attacks, the Germans shifted to what?

True

The Germans reached the northern coast of France within ten days of starting their sweep.

Free French

What was the name of the military forces organized by De Gaulle to battle the Nazis?

Luftwaffe

What was the name of the German air force?

True

The Battle of Britain taught the Allies that Hitler's attacks could be blocked.

Cities

What was the primary target of the Luftwaffe starting on September 7, 1940?

May 10, 1941

When did the Battle of Britain finally end?

North Africa

What was Italy's primary objective in the Mediterranean region?

Access to oil fields

Why was Egypt's Suez Canal so important to the Axis and Allies?

Erwin Rommel\

Who was the commander of the German Afrika Korps?

Desert Fox

What nickname did Erwin Rommel earn for his successes in North Africa?

11 days

How many days did it take for Yugoslavia to fall after the German invasion?