Global Pop Music Folk-E 151 Exam 3

Trinidad & Tobago

- two islands, one country by Venezuela

- gained independence from British Slavery in 1833

- economy revolved around sugar cane

- music is a highly politicized cultural product

expressive culture

how culture is expressed through artistic action & aesthetic medium

eg. music, dance, tattooing, story telling

steelpan

- national instrument of Trinidad and Tobago

- idiophone

- has unique tambor

carnival

- pre-lenten festival that is celebrated all over the world, particularly in the Caribbean ; begins with j'overt (start of the festival)

- calypso, soca, rapso, contemporary rapso

calypso

- afro-trinidarian genre of music

- draws on griot tradition (storytelling)

- censored during 20th century bc of oppositional lyrics

- used to form independence from British authority (Trinidad & Tobago)

soca

- derived from calypso

- more focused on dance than text

- dominant form of music found at Trinidadian carnival

- eg. "Hot Hot Hot" by Arrow - introduction because focused on dance

rapso

- genre of music rooted in griot traditions & legacies of resistance; derived from soca

- often considered poetry

- pioneered by artists such as Lancelot Layne & Brother Resistance in the 1970s

- competitions usually involved, soca normally wins

contemporary rapso

- 3 Canal: Wendell Man Warren, Roger Roberts, and Stanton Kewley

- developed in 1990s as a j'overt band & developed into rapso group

- first hit "Blue"

ethnographic methodoligies

- interviewing

- participant observation

-oral history

trap

contained triplet components

key players in black women's aural visual aesthetic

- Oprah: tv host, played in "The Color Purple"

- Alice Walker: author of "The Color Purple"

- Julie Dash: director of "Daughters of the Dust" film

- Ava Duvernay: employed by Oprah, director of "Queen Sugar" show on Oprah's network

aesthetic

- set of principles concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty, especially art

- symbols: cane sugar, rum, molasses

aural (black women aesthetic)

how we refer to black women

visual (black women aesthetic)

- features we regard as beautiful

- eg. Fantasia & Beyonce, Black Southern Belle

- taste developed along race, gender, class & regional identity

huism

prejudice based on color of skin (visual)

"Formation" by Beyonce

- contains visual allusions to blackness in Super Bowl performance

- eg. black clothing, hair (afros), military style

aural-visual genealogy ("Formation")

- MJ's superbowl performance (military attire)

- black college marching band

- black greek organizations

- black consciousness movements (islam & black panthers)

- southern expressive culture (bounce, beat, second line, zydeco - black american dance)

- Illuminati

-#SayHerName

black indians

- mardi gras indians: african americans at mardi gras often wear native american dresses

- also featured in Beyonce's shit

footwork

- type of dance

- featured in "Lemonade" by boy dancing in front of cops

"Lemonade" (viewing)

- has references to "Daughters of the Dust"

- feminist ideas

- cultural symbols of blackness (afros, black clothing)

womanist intervention

- systematic of assessment & planning employed to prevent a social, educational, or developmental problems based on womanist values

- lifts perspective of black women

respectability

- appropriate to good behavior or conventional conduct in society

- eg. saying a person's name correctly - one of the highest sonic flattery & affirmation

disrespectability

to treat someone with contempt; feuds among artist in the music industry

Bollywood

- different aesthetic than American film

- formulaic: verbal

- supported through international releases of films

- 6 or more songs on soundtrack - transporting people to exotic locations or religious traditions depicting hero

Raga

- melodic system or mode

- refers to they ways in which music traditions convey a relationship between pitches and melodic characteristics

tala

rhythmic patterns

remixes

- genre vocally centered; new performances using older music

- strong tie between visual and aural modalities

- NOT centered in electronic practicing/sound engineering/DJing

Evergreen Songs

- old Hindu film music

- timeless, marker of good taste

- clean vocal style

- uses runs/riff

- over musical accompaniment and tala (rhythmic patterns) & raga

- Urdu poetry - incorporate recognized texts within the culture

diegetic

any sound in a film where the sound source is visible

non-diegetic

sounds without a visual source

playback

use of prerecorded tracks during performances

Daughters of the Dust

video that included these important symbols/ideas:

- hoodoo

- handgames

- call to prayer

- arabic script (islamic religion)

- music/language: similar accent to Caribbean islands

hoodoo

- spirituality linked to African religions - African derived religion mixed w/ Chrisitanity

- eg in Daughters of the Dust video: flowers in water under bed, putting a fix on someone, ancestors

Gullah/Geechee People

- descendants of Native Americans and numerous African ethnic groups that were kid napped and forced into slavery on the islands of North Carolina to northern Florida

- costal regions had v low European-American populations - benefited the retention of traditions, religion, music, etc.

- have own language

- declared a nation in 2000

nationalism

political movement and ideology aimed at creating & maintaining a nation - usually involving self-rule

nation

cultural-political community that has become conscious of its autonomy, unity, and particular interests

Music Nationalism

- European classical composers began to collect folk tunes and use them in their compositions to establish nationalist types of music

- negotiations and conflicts over form of national music illustrated larger social processes (assertions of power)

- used for inclusion/exclusion

- helped establish justification for independence and sovereignty in post-colonial settings

- eg. "Appalachian Spring" by Aaron Copeland

European Nationalism

- arose in 18th/19th centuries

- plays a role in geopolitics (international relationships)

- used to overthrow monarchies in Europe

transnationalism

- heightened interconnectivity of people and decline of socio-economic significance of boundaries among nation states

- made up of persons, sponsors, etc. of different nationalities

raggeton

- expression of transnationalism

- Dem Bow beat pattern (boom cha boom chick)

- eg. "Gasolina" by Daddy Yankee

merengue

- inspired by European Contredanse (form of dance) & African musical traditions

- became national music in early 20th century (Dominican Republic)

- utilized by politicians and dictators to establish & maintain power

- eg. "La Protesta"

ciabo merengue

promoted as national version of merengue because seemed closer to hispanic influences

Caribbean music themes

- unity and diversity among islands

- race and ethnicity

- music, sex, sexism

- music and politics

Music and Dance

- communicates emotions and ideas

- incorporates narrative and abstract components

- challenges social and political heirarchies

- so closely related, often known as same thing (eg. capoeira, tango, bhangra)

Bhangra

- dance and music form

- genre influenced by raggeton, soul, and rap

Jhummar (Jhoomar)

- bhangra dance style; originated in Punjab region - "jhum" meaning swaying

- pointed fingers & leg up

capoeira

- afro-brazillian

- blurred genre: music, dance, martial arts

- needs physical response

roda

space where capoeira matches take place

capoeira movements

- ginga (sway)

- patterned kicks

- rolls

- cartwheels

- handstands

dabka

term for wedding dances and music

dhol

-two headed drum played w/ curved sticks

- masculine

- left head: Dhamma (coated & heavier sound)

-right head: purha

dholaki

smaller feminine version of dhol

bugdu

instrument made of wood, used for folk dances such as bhangra

algoza

pair of woodwind instruments; flute noise w two channels

agog

iron gong w two cowbells welded together

reco-reco

scraper

panderio

tambaurine

berimbau

musical bows, gourd resonators, coin/stone, comes in 3 sizes: viola, medio, gunag (smallest to largest)

ginga

- continuous motion of players body side to side w wide leg stance

- "the sway"

- neutral position in capoeira