Biology: Topic 4: Tour of the Cell

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Last updated 1:16 AM on 6/7/26
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21 Terms

1
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What is the glycocalyx?

  • Some prokaryotic cells

  • A carbohydrate layer outside the cell wall involved in adhesion and evading the immune system

<ul><li><p>Some prokaryotic cells</p></li><li><p>A carbohydrate layer outside the cell wall involved in adhesion and evading the immune system </p></li></ul><p></p>
2
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What is a fimbria (plural fimbriae)?

  • some prokaryotic cells

  • Protein filaments also for adhesion

<ul><li><p>some prokaryotic cells</p></li><li><p>Protein filaments also for adhesion</p></li></ul><p></p>
3
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What is a flagellum?

  • some prokaryotic cells

  • Rotating protein corkscrews outside the cell membrane used for locomotion

  • Different than eukaryotic flagella

<ul><li><p>some prokaryotic cells</p></li><li><p>Rotating protein corkscrews outside the cell membrane used for locomotion </p></li><li><p>Different than eukaryotic flagella </p></li></ul><p></p>
4
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What are plasmids?

  • some prokaryotic cells

  • Small circlular DNA molecules in addition to the main chromosome, often with genes that confer antibiotic resistance or other nasty traits, can be transferred between cells

5
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Components common to all cells

  1. Plasma membrane

  2. Cytosol

  3. Ribosomes

  4. DNA

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Components found in many or all eukaryotic cells

  • nucleus- contains multiple linear chromosomes

  • Nuclear envelope - pair of lipid bilayers with space between them

  • Nucleoli - site of assembly of ribosomal subunits

  • Chromatin- DNA bound to histones

<ul><li><p>nucleus- contains multiple linear chromosomes</p></li><li><p>Nuclear envelope - pair of lipid bilayers with space between them </p></li><li><p>Nucleoli - site of assembly of ribosomal subunits</p></li><li><p>Chromatin- DNA bound to histones </p></li></ul><p></p>
7
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What is the rough ER?

  • studded with ribosomes

  • makes proteins destined for the Golgi body, lysosomes or secretion from the cell

<ul><li><p>studded with ribosomes </p></li><li><p>makes proteins destined for the Golgi body, lysosomes or secretion from the cell</p></li></ul><p></p>
8
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What is the smooth ER?

  • no ribosomes

  • Mostly for lipid synthesis

<ul><li><p>no ribosomes</p></li><li><p>Mostly for lipid synthesis </p></li></ul><p></p>
9
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What is the Golgi body?

  • Processing and distribution of proteins from the rough ER

  • Sacs aren’t joined but vesicles carry proteins from one to the next

  • Vesicles move back to the ER, form lysosomes, or move to the cell membrane

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What is a lysosome?

  • acidic sacs

  • Hydrolysis (breakdown) of macromolecules

<ul><li><p>acidic sacs</p></li><li><p>Hydrolysis (breakdown) of macromolecules</p></li></ul><p></p>
11
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What is the mitochondria?

  • use oxygen to generate most of the cells ATP for energy

  • Cellular respiration to produce ATP

12
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What are perioxisomes?

  • Contains enzymes that transfer hydrogens from various molecules onto O2, forming hydrogen peroxide, then converting it into water

  • For lipid and toxic substance destruction

<ul><li><p>Contains enzymes that transfer hydrogens from various molecules onto O2, forming hydrogen peroxide, then converting it into water</p></li><li><p>For lipid and toxic substance destruction</p></li></ul><p></p>
13
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What are some of the components specific to animal cells?

  • microvilli - finger like protrusions that increase surface area, dont move

  • Flagella - move in a snake-like manner for locomotion

  • Cilia- shorter than flagella, for locomotion or to move fluid across the cell

  • Centrosome- microtubules in animal cells that radiate outwards from the centrosome

<ul><li><p>microvilli - finger like protrusions that increase surface area, dont move</p></li><li><p>Flagella - move in a snake-like manner for locomotion</p></li><li><p>Cilia- shorter than flagella, for locomotion or to move fluid across the cell</p></li><li><p>Centrosome- microtubules in animal cells that radiate outwards from the centrosome</p></li></ul><p></p>
14
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What are the components and function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?

  • thin filaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules - protein filaments that provide shape, strength, organisation and movement

<ul><li><p>thin filaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules - protein filaments that provide shape, strength, organisation and movement</p></li></ul><p></p>
15
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What are some components specific to plant cells?

  • cell wall - provides shape and strength

  • Central vacuole- stores water and solutes, hydrolysis of macromolecules, maintains turgor pressure

  • Chloroplasts- site of photosynthesis

  • Plasmodesmata- channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

<ul><li><p>cell wall - provides shape and strength</p></li><li><p>Central vacuole- stores water and solutes, hydrolysis of macromolecules, maintains turgor pressure</p></li><li><p>Chloroplasts- site of photosynthesis </p></li><li><p>Plasmodesmata- channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells </p></li></ul><p></p>
16
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What is exocytosis?

  • proteins to be secreted by exocytosis are make in the rough ER (e.g. could add carbohydrate to form glycoprotein)

  • Transported from rER to golgi by vesicles

  • Golgi may further process the protein

  • New vesicles bud from the Golgi and fuse with the cell membrane

  • Secretes proteins, embeds them in membrane, expands the membrane

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What is the endomembrane system?

  • functionally linked components:

    • Nuclear envelope, rER and sER are physically connected

    • Golgi body - receives vesicles from ER

    • Lysosomes- bud off from Golgi

    • Cell membrane - receives vesicles from Golgi

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What is endocytosis?

  • Pinocytosis- cell takes a sip of the surrounding fluid and internalises it

  • Receptor-mediated- receptors bind specific solutes

  • Phagocytosis - produces a vacuole that fuses with a lysosome, enzymes breakdown polymers into monomers for the cell to use

<ul><li><p>Pinocytosis- cell takes a sip of the surrounding fluid and internalises it</p></li><li><p>Receptor-mediated- receptors bind specific solutes </p></li><li><p>Phagocytosis - produces a vacuole that fuses with a lysosome, enzymes breakdown polymers into monomers for the cell to use </p></li></ul><p></p>
19
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Thin filaments of the cytoskeleton?

  • 7nm

  • Also called microfilaments or actin filaments

  • Made of protein called actin

  • Abundant in cytoplasms of eukaryotes, especially forming a mesh just under the cell membrane to support or change cell shape

  • During cell division, some of the thin filaments form a ring that contracts to punch the cell in the middle

<ul><li><p>7nm</p></li><li><p>Also called microfilaments or actin filaments </p></li><li><p>Made of protein called actin </p></li><li><p>Abundant in cytoplasms of eukaryotes, especially forming a mesh just under the cell membrane to support or change cell shape</p></li><li><p>During cell division, some of the thin filaments form a ring that contracts to punch the cell in the middle </p></li></ul><p></p>
20
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Intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton

  • 8-12 nm

  • Variety of protein monomers

  • Rope like structure

  • Resist cell deformation

  • Network called the nuclear lamina sits under the nuclear envelope in human cells

  • Can persist long after cell death - keratins

<ul><li><p>8-12 nm</p></li><li><p>Variety of protein monomers </p></li><li><p>Rope like structure </p></li><li><p>Resist cell deformation</p></li><li><p>Network called the nuclear lamina sits under the nuclear envelope in human cells </p></li><li><p>Can persist long after cell death - keratins </p></li></ul><p></p>
21
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What are microtubules?

  • thick - 25nm

  • Hollow rods made of two different globular proteins - a-tubulin and b-tubulin

  • Grow outwards from a centrosome and radiate towards cell membrane

  • Stiff to resist compression

  • Form the cores of cilia and flagella - motor proteins use ATP to cause microtubules to slide over one another, bending them

  • Work like train tracks - molecular motors use ATP to pull vesicles and organelles

<ul><li><p>thick - 25nm</p></li><li><p>Hollow rods made of two different globular proteins - a-tubulin and b-tubulin </p></li><li><p>Grow outwards from a centrosome and radiate towards cell membrane </p></li><li><p>Stiff to resist compression </p></li><li><p>Form the cores of cilia and flagella - motor proteins use ATP to cause microtubules to slide over one another, bending them</p></li><li><p>Work like train tracks - molecular motors use ATP to pull vesicles and organelles </p></li></ul><p></p>