U.S History Chap 2

Cornelius Vanderbilt

• Commodore of steamboats and railroads

• Promoter of big business

• Improved efficiency and productivity, cut costs, bought politicians, and suppressed competition

John D. Rockefeller

• Entrepreneur who founded Standard Oil in 1870. By 1879, his company controlled over 90% of the United States’ oil refinement. 

• His business succeeded by reducing expenses, eliminating waste, and controlling all aspects of oil production (cutting out the middleman).

Andrew Carnegie

• Entrepreneur who immigrated to the United States from Scotland.

• Came from money.

• Entered the steel industry in 1873 as a skilled businessman and/or promoter.

• Funded public libraries, hospitals, parks, and more.

Jane Addams

• Pioneer in social work and settlement houses.

• Worked to meet the needs of the working poor.

• Provided education, health clinics, nurseries, employment services, and more.

Technology

Entertainment

Job Oppurtunities

Three allures of cities in the late nineteenth century

• Overcrowding

• Poor sanitation

• Child Labor

• Dangerous working conditions

• Ethnic animosity

Problems of living in a late nineteenth century

to accommodate the soaring numbers of immigrants passing through NYC, Congress built a reception center on Ellis Island, near the Statue of Liberty. Its registry room held immigrants waiting for close questioning by officials

What happened on Ellis Island

• New Immigrants

  • Eastern and Southern Europe

• Old Immigrants

  • Northern and Western Europe

Where the immigrants primarily came from

yellow journalism

the use of sensationalized, exaggerated, or misleading headlines and stories in the media to attract, increase sales, or influence public opinion. It often prioritizes drama and scandal over factual accuracy.

• Key spot for keeping ships

• Sugar cane production

• Missionary work

Why did US want Hawaii as a territory

• Joseph Pulitzer

• Owned the Newspaper Empire New York World. 

• Newspaper war with Hearst

was a Hungarian-American newspaper publisher and journalist known for revolutionizing journalism through sensational reporting and investigative journalism.

William Randolph Hearst

• Owned the Newspaper Empire New York Journal

• Newspaper war with Pulitzer

Rough Riders

• First Volunteer Cavalry

• Special regiment made up of former Ivy League athletes

• A troop that assembled at Tampa, Florida.

• Theodore Roosevelt was second in command of the unit

Theodore Roosevelt

• Often associated with Progressivism.

• His administration pushed for national parks, conservation, and consumer protections.

• Meat Inspection Act (1906) and the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906).

Panama Canal

• Made travel between San Francisco and New York City significantly faster

• Had to bypass two treaties to start construction

• enabled ships to travel from the Pacific Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico

Social Gospel

belief that Christians should help the poor to bring about the “Kingdom of God” on earth

• A movement in response to social problems in urban areas.

• Because some churches initially ignored the poor, organizations like the YMCA and Salvation Army devoted their resources to social services.

Muckrakers

• Name given to investigative journalists who exposed social ills and corporate and government corruption

• They wrote exposes of social ills in newspapers and magazines

• Investigative journalists.

• Exposed corruption in politics and business, highlighting poor working conditions and social injustices, encouraging reform.

• “Muck” - Dirt; “Raking: Digging.

Settlement Houses

• product of the late 19th century movement to offer a broad array of social services to urban immigrant neighborhoods

  • Examples included Hull House in Chicago (1889), South End House in Boston (1891), Henry Street Settlement of NYC (1893)

Sixteenth Amendment

Allowed Congress to levy and income tax.

eighteenth amendment

Prohibited the production, distribution, and sale of alcohol.

Seventeenth Amendment

Changed the election of U.S. senators from being chosen by state legislators to direct election by voters.

Nineteenth Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

Margaret Sanger

Advocated for women’s rights, specifically relating to reproductive rights.

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Central Powers in WWI

• France, Great Britain, and Russia

• At the end, it looked more like France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and the U.S.

Allied Powers in WWI (both beginning and end)

Trench Warfare

Military tactic where opposing armies fight from and defend their positions using a network of dug-out trenches.

No Man's Land

Area of land that is not owned or controlled by anyone;  the area of land between two opposing armies.

Lusitania

The British ocean liner, the sinking of which by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915, contributed indirectly to the entry of the United States into World War I.

Standard oil company`

in 1870 Rockefeller teamed with his brother William and other business, Henry M. Flagler and Samuel Andres to establish the standard oil company of Ohio

Horizontal integration

dominant corporation buys or forces out most of its competition

monopoly

 a business so large that it effectively controls an entire industry

vertical integration

when a company owns everything it needs to produce, refine, and deliver

trust

gives a person or corporation the legal power to manage another person’s money or another company

Holding company

huge corporation that controls other companies by holding most or all of the stock certificates

tariffs

taxes on imported goods-to raise revenue and to benefit American manufacturers by penalizing the foreign competitors

tenements

where residents, many of them immigrants, were packed like sardines in poorly ventilated and poorly lit apartments

saloons

most popular leisure destinations for urban working class

patronage

helped settle local disputes, provided aid for the poor, and distributed jobs and contracts to loyal followers and corporate donors