Biology Finals - Evolution Flashcards

What is directional selection?

A type of natural selection where an extreme phenotype is favored over the average or other extreme, causing the overall average to move down

What is stabilizing selection?

A type of natural selection where individuals in the center of the curve have the highest fitness and they squeeze the phenotype to decrease from both sides and increase in the center.

What is disruptive selection?

A type of natural selection where individuals at either ends of the spectrum have the best fitness, causing the graph to dip in the center. Two phenotypes have the best fitness.

Gene Pool

Total collection of the genes and alleles available to a population at a given moment

Analogous Structures

Bones or structures that look similar and have the same function but don’t have a common ancestor from where they got it from

Homologous Structures

Bones and structures that have the same source and similar anatomies but now serve different functions in the new animals’ bodies.

Lamark’s Theory of Evolution

States that when organisms don’t use certain parts or structures they vanish, and the muscles/structures that they do use often grow and strengthen

Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection

States that change occurs over a long period of time and across populations and many generations instead of in individuals

Fitness

To have desirable or most suitable traits to survive in a given environment

Evidence for Evolution

Fossil Records, Vestigial Structures, Embryology, and Homologous Structures

Behavioral Isolation

2 populations are capable of interbreeding but are scared of one another’s courtship behavior

Geographic Isolation

2 populations are separated by a physical barrier, hindering their ability to mate

Temporal Isolation

2 populations breed/reproduce at different times hindering their ability to actually reproduce

P

Parental Generation

F1

First filial generation (not an automatic hybrid)

Hybrid

Offspring of a cross between two true breeding parents with different traits

Genotype

Describes the genetic makeup (letters)

Phenotype

Describes the physical characteristics (in words)

Incomplete Dominance

Neither allele is truly dominant so they mix

Codominance

Both alleles are dominant and show up at the same time

Multiple Alleles

Gene has more than two versions available in population (blood types)

Polygenic Traits

There is not just one gene that controls the certain phenotype (example is height and eye color)

Chromosomes

Made of DNA and contain many genes

Sex-Linked Trait

Genes and traits carried on the 23rd chromosome

Deletion

Chunk of chromosome gets deleted

Duplication

Chunk of chromosome gets copied twice

Inversion

A chunk of chromosome gets flipped backwards

Translocation

A chunk of chromosome breaks off and attaches to a completely different chromosome

Non-Disjunction

Error in splitting of the chromosome during meiosis makes cell have too many or too little chromosomes

DNA

Deoxyribose, 2 Strands, Thymine, only in nucleus, holds all of cells information

RNA

Ribose, 1 Strand, Uracil, Ribosomes, Part of information to make protiens

DNA replication

Before a cell divides it must copy its entire genome so that the new cell gets a full set of DNA

Semi-Conservative

Each new DNA molecule has 1 old piece and 1 new piece

Primase

Primer enzyme that marks the spot for the DNA polymerase to start building

Ligase

Glue enzyme that connects Okazaki fragments together

Direction that DNA replication occurs

5’ to 3’

Central Dogma

DNA translated to RNA that transcribes to become a protien

Point Mutation

Single Base is swapped out for another

Silent Mutation

Nothing changes because new codon still codes for the same protein

Missense Mutation

Codon codes for another protein causing the amino chain to be wrong

Nonsense Mutation

Mutation that results in a premature stop

Two Reasons that cells can’t keep on growing

DNA overload (too many people to instruct with only a little bit of instruction) and Volume increase much faster than Surface Area

Interphase

First phase of mitosis, is 90% of the cell’s life and contains the G1, S and G2 phase

G1 Phase

Where the cell does most of its growing

S Phase

DNA gets replicated

G2 Phase

Final check and preparations for division

After interphase

M Phase

M Phase

Includes mitosis and cytokinesis

Mitosis

The splitting of the nucleus and done for growth, tissue repair and asexual reproduction

Cytokinesis

Splitting of the cytoplasm once mitosis is complete

Meiosis

Essential for creating gametes for sexual reproduction

Meiosis results

4 diploid (n) cells

Biotic Factor

A living or once living biological component that affects an ecosystem

Abiotic Factor

Non living chemical and physical parameters of an environment

Producers / Heterotrophs

Organisms that make their own food

Heterotrophs

Organisms who cannot make their own food and have to rely on ingesting other organisms

10% Rule

Between trophic levels, only 10% of energy is able to make it upwards

Mutualism

Both species gain a benefit from the relationship

Commensalism

One species gains a benefit and the other is not affected (neither positive or negatively) by the other species’ behavior

Parasitism

One species (parasite) benefits from the other by usually taking nutrients or causes some sort of physiological harm

Where does the light dependent reaction occur?

Thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

What does glycolysis do?

Converts glucose into pyruvate and produces 2 ATP

When sunlight hits chlorophyll and splits H2O what gets released as a byproduct?

O2

Where does the light independent cycle occur?

Stroma

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

Mitochondrial Matrix

What does the Krebs Cycle produce?

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH

O2

Needed to bond with excess hydrogen ions coming off of the ETC

In total how much ATP does fermentation produce

2 ATP

What is the end result of anaerobic respiration besides ATP?

Lactic Acid

Doesnt need ATP energy to move things

Passive Transport

Simple Diffusion

Has smaller molecules that can pass through the membrane

Facilitated Diffusion

Has larger molecules that need protein channels or bulk transport to move across

Active transport

Against concentration gradient

What is osmosis?

The movement of water

Hypertonic Environment

Water moves out of the cell

Isotonic Environment

Water moves in equilibrium in and out of the cell

Hypotonic Environment

Water moves into the cell

Ionic Bonds

Electrons are physically transferred

Covalent Bonds

Electrons are shared

Biological Rule

All organic macromolecules are joined by covalent bonds

Acid

Less H ions, more OH ions

Base

More H ions, less OH ions

Law

Mathematical Equation

Thoery

How or why a phenomena occurs

Valence Electrons

Electrons on the outermost shell

Polymer Carb

Polysaccharide

Polymer Lipid

Triglyceride

Polymer Nucleic Acid

DNA and RNA

Polymer Protein

Polypeptide

Monomer Carb

Monosaccharide

Monomer Lipid

Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids

Monomer Protein

Amino Acid

Monomer Nucleic Acid

ATP (or general setup of nitrogenous base, sugar, 3 phosphate groups)