afas exam 2

5th Pan-Africanist Congress - Who

Held by Pan-African activists including George Padmore, Kwame Nkrumah, and W.E.B. Du Bois.

5th Pan-Africanist Congress - What

Meeting that demanded immediate decolonization and African self-government.

5th Pan-Africanist Congress - Where

Manchester, Britain.

5th Pan-Africanist Congress - When

1945.

5th Pan-Africanist Congress - Why

Linked Pan-African thought directly to postwar African nationalist movements.

African National Congress - Who

South African African political organization founded by Black elites and later led by figures such as Nelson Mandela.

African National Congress - What

Political movement opposing racial segregation and later apartheid.

African National Congress - Where

South Africa.

African National Congress - When

Founded in 1912.

African National Congress - Why

Became the central anti-apartheid movement in South African history.

Arusha Declaration - Who

Declared by Julius Nyerere.

Arusha Declaration - What

Statement defining Tanzanian socialism and self-reliance.

Arusha Declaration - Where

Tanzania.

Arusha Declaration - When

1967.

Arusha Declaration - Why

Established ujamaa as the ideological basis of postcolonial Tanzanian development.

Association - Who

French colonial administrators developed this policy.

Association - What

Colonial policy allowing African societies to remain culturally distinct while under French rule.

Association - Where

French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa.

Association - When

Especially from the 1910s through the 1940s.

Association - Why

Showed a shift away from full assimilation toward indirect cultural control.

Bantustans - Who

Created by the South African apartheid government.

Bantustans - What

Separate African homelands assigned to Black ethnic populations.

Bantustans - Where

South Africa.

Bantustans - When

Mainly from the 1950s through the 1980s.

Bantustans - Why

Used to deny Black South Africans citizenship in white South Africa.

Capitalism - Who

Expanded through colonial governments, firms, and labor systems.

Capitalism - What

Economic system based on private ownership, markets, and wage labor.

Capitalism - Where

Across colonial and postcolonial Africa.

Capitalism - When

Expanded strongly during the 19th and 20th centuries.

Capitalism - Why

Structured labor extraction, commodity production, and colonial inequality.

Colonial Development and Welfare Act - Who

Passed by the British government.

Colonial Development and Welfare Act - What

Funding program for colonial development projects in empire.

Colonial Development and Welfare Act - Where

British colonies including African territories.

Colonial Development and Welfare Act - When

1940.

Colonial Development and Welfare Act - Why

Marked Britain's attempt to stabilize empire through planned investment.

Concession Companies - Who

European private companies authorized by colonial states.

Concession Companies - What

Firms granted rights to extract labor and resources while governing territory.

Concession Companies - Where

Congo, French Equatorial Africa, and Mozambique.

Concession Companies - When

Most important from the 1880s through the 1910s.

Concession Companies - Why

Produced severe violence because profit replaced direct administration.

Dedan Kimathi - Who

Kikuyu anti-colonial military leader.

Dedan Kimathi - What

Key commander in the Mau Mau uprising.

Dedan Kimathi - Where

Kenya.

Dedan Kimathi - When

Most active from 1952 to 1956.

Dedan Kimathi - Why

Became the most famous symbol of armed resistance to British settler rule.

Development - Who

Promoted by colonial states, postcolonial governments, and international agencies.

Development - What

Programs aimed at economic modernization and social transformation.

Development - Where

Across Africa.

Development - When

Especially after the 1940s.

Development - Why

Became the main political language used to justify intervention and planning.

Detribalization - Who

Colonial sociologists and administrators used the term.

Detribalization - What

Process by which Africans were said to lose tribal identity in urban labor settings.

Detribalization - Where

Southern and Central Africa.

Detribalization - When

Especially from the 1930s through the 1960s.

Detribalization - Why

Reflected colonial anxiety about African mobility and urban change.

Failed states - Who

Modern political scientists and international policy institutions use the term.

Failed states - What

States unable to maintain authority, services, or territorial control.

Failed states - Where

Used for cases such as Somalia or Congo.

Failed states - When

Mainly after the 1990s.

Failed states - Why

Used to explain postcolonial governance crises and weak institutions.

Federation - Who

British colonial planners created federations.

Federation - What

Political union joining several colonies under one administration.

Federation - Where

Central Africa: Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, and Nyasaland.

Federation - When

1953 to 1963.

Federation - Why

Designed to preserve settler power during decolonization.

Felix Eboue - Who

French colonial administrator from French Guiana.

Felix Eboue - What

Governor associated with reformist colonial policy.

Felix Eboue - Where

French Equatorial Africa.

Felix Eboue - When

Most influential during the 1940s.

Felix Eboue - Why

Linked colonial reform to the policy of association.

Frederick Lugard - Who

British colonial administrator.

Frederick Lugard - What

Architect of indirect rule.

Frederick Lugard - Where

Nigeria.

Frederick Lugard - When

Most influential in the 1900s and 1910s.

Frederick Lugard - Why

His administrative model shaped British empire-wide governance.

Gatekeeper State - Who

Concept developed by historian Frederick Cooper.

Gatekeeper State - What

State that controls access between domestic society and outside resources such as aid, trade, and diplomacy.

Gatekeeper State - Where

Used to describe many postcolonial African states.

Gatekeeper State - When

Mainly after independence, especially from the 1960s onward.

Gatekeeper State - Why

Explains why controlling state institutions became politically decisive in postcolonial Africa.

George Padmore - Who

Trinidadian Pan-African intellectual and activist.

George Padmore - What

Key organizer of anti-colonial Pan-African politics.

George Padmore - Where

Linked Africa, the Caribbean, and Britain.

George Padmore - When

Most influential from the 1930s through the 1950s.

George Padmore - Why

Helped shape decolonization ideology and influenced Kwame Nkrumah.

John Chilembwe - Who

Baptist minister and anti-colonial leader.

John Chilembwe - What

Leader of an uprising against colonial labor exploitation.

John Chilembwe - Where

Nyasaland, present-day Malawi.

John Chilembwe - When

1915.

John Chilembwe - Why

One of the earliest organized anti-colonial revolts in British Central Africa.

Jomo Kenyatta - Who

Kikuyu nationalist leader and later first president of Kenya.

Jomo Kenyatta - What

Author of Facing Mount Kenya and major anti-colonial political figure.

Jomo Kenyatta - Where

Kenya.

Jomo Kenyatta - When

Politically central from the 1930s through the 1970s.

Jomo Kenyatta - Why

Linked ethnography, nationalism, land politics, and postcolonial state formation.