GCSE OCR HISTORY B CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

What did the church teach in Britain in 1250-1500

Sinners would go to hell

Who did most Peasants work for (1250-1500)

Lord of the Manor

Who ruled the land from 1250-1500

Lords who supported the King during times of war

Who controlled counties 1250-1500

Sheriff

What did people in 1250-1500 rely on

The land for work and food

Why were Peasants houses simple in 1250-1500

Not much money so could not afford complex structures

Why did the Law force men to carry weapons from 1250-1500

In case of war

What were most people from 1250-1500

Illiterate

Who did the people of 1250-1500 believe appointed the King

God

Cause of crime (4)

1) war of the roses

2) famine from failed harvest

3) strip farming

4) the Black Death

Felonies

serious crimes

Felonies examples in 1250-1500

Murder

Stealing goods worth more than 12d

Felonies punishments 1250-1500

Hanging

Define Outlaw

People who were on the run to escape the law

What did Outlaws in 1250-1500 typically do

Ambush travellers and burgle houses

Petty crimes

less serious crimes

Examples of Petty crimes in 1250-1500

Getting into debt

Limiting harm to people or property

What were the majority of crimes in 1250-1500

Non-violent

Most common crime in 1250-1500

Theft

When was the Black Death?

1348

When was the War of the Roses

1455-1485

In the 15th Century (1401-1500) what became a common crime in particular with the War of The Roses

Lords using their private armies to control the local area

Retainers

Private army

Why was there an increase in crime during the 14th century

Dreadful famine due to Hunger and debt

Define Homicide

the killing of one human being by another

Who did sudden deaths have to be reported to during 1250-1500

Coroner

What was included as Homicide in 1250-1500

Justified homicide

Homicide in self-defence

Accidental homicide

Suicide

Murder

Define strip farming

The farming of people in areas of land in strip shapes so land was close

What was the increased risk of crime due to strip farming during 1250-1500

People were working closely and therefore tensions rose and this led to warfare

Define Vagrancy

People wandering from place to place in search of work

When did Vagrancy become a problem

After the Black Death 1348

What was it illegal for a labourer to do after 1351

All able bodied men forced to stay in their 'Hundred"

Hundred

A way in which counties were divided

Medieval manors were allowed to do what in 1250-1500?

Devise their own laws and punishments

Define Scolding

The crime of using offensive language or abusive speech in public

When did Treason become a crime during 1250-1500

1351

Treason

Betrayal of one's country

What was included as Treason during 1250-1500

Plotting against monarch

Counterfeiting coins

Killing husband

Heresy

the crime of holding a belief that goes against established doctrine

Who supervised law and order in the hundred during 1250-1500

Two chief constables, usually wealthy farmers

What were adult men broken into in 1250-1500

Tithings (if one of the group broke the law it was the responsibility of the others to make him show up to court)

Hue and Cry

in medieval England, a call for mutual aid against trouble or danger

If you failed to join the Hue and Cry in 1250-1500 then you faced what?

A fine

Crimes 1250-1500 summary

- murder

- larceny

- debt

- limited harm to a person or property

- theft

- vagrancy (after Black Death)

- scolding (1350)

- Treason (1351)

- Heresy (1500

Punishments 1250-1500

- Hanging

- Thrown if cliff in Dover as form of hanging

- Hung, drawn and quartered

- Burnt alive

- fines

- cucking stools

- stocks

- pillorys

- prison

Who patrolled towns at night during 1250-1500

Watchmen

What did the Sheriff have to be able to track down criminals

Posse (a group of men)

What was a Parish Constable in 1250-1500

A law-enforcement officer

What was the role of a Sheriff in 1250-1500

King's law enforcer in each county

What sort of cases did Royal Courts hear in 1250-1500

Most serious crimes and were overseen by a royal judge

Where were jury drawn from in 1250-1500

Local area

Acronym for Justices of Peace

JP's

Who took over hundred courts in 1250-1500

Justices of Peace

After 1388 What did the Justices of Peace do instead of regular courts

Quarter sessions (held 4 times a year for courts)

What sort of courts dealt with most crimes in England (1250-1500)

Manor Courts

Who ran and participated in Manor Courts (1250-1500)

Lord of the Manor led and wealthy villagers made up the jury

Why were Medieval (1250-1500) juries often unwilling to convict

Know background and leniant

Who received fines from the Hundred courts and Quarter sessions in 1250-1500

King

Who received fines from Manor Courts in 1250-1500

Lord of the Manor

What was a typical punishment for a woman who was caught scolding in 1250-1500

Cucking stool

Cucking Stool

A sort of wooden toilet

What public humiliation was used for traders in 1250-1500

Stocks or Pillory

Who did Prisoners have to pay to keep them in prison from 1250-1500

Gaoler (Jailer) for bedding, food and drink

What did Hanging often involve in 1250-1500

Slow and drawn-out strangulation

Form of hanging used at Dover in 1250-1500

thrown off cliff (oof)

Hanging, drawing and quartering uses in 1250-1500

Used for crimes such as treason or counterfeiting coins

Being burned alive in 1250-1500 usually was used for

A wife killing her husband or other minor Treason

What happened to possessions for those who had committed a serious crime

Went to the King

What did criminals do to avoid punishment (gangs)

Try to run away and join gangs

What did criminals do to avoid punishment (cathedrals)

Offered sanctuary for 40 days and nights, staying meant they could confess and then abjure the realm (leave england)

What did criminals do to avoid punishment (friends)

If they had powerful friends, such as a jury at the manor courts, this could help them avoid trial

Other ways to escape the death penalty

- if they refused to plead guilty or not guilty they were sent back to gaol to live on rotten bread and dirty water, they avoided the king getting their property but died a long unpleasant death

- Jurors at assize courts often knew the criminal on trial and would try help

- Wealthy criminals could buy a pardon from the king

- kings often pardoned criminals in times of war if they joined the army

- A death sentence was often changed to a fine for pregnant women

What did most people continue to do for work (1500-1750)

Work in countryside ( and bad harvests could lead to hunger)

What did more people begin to do for work (1500-1750)

Wander around for work

What form of travel became popular after roads were built (1500-1750)

Stagecoach

What grew in power in 1500-1750

Power of state (Tudors)

What did the invention of the printing press result in during 1500-1750

More people could read or write

What did Puritans try to enforce during 1500-1750

More Christian behaviour

What did the reformation lead to in 1500-1750

Religious changes

What did the government charge high taxes on in 1500-1750

High value goods

What was the growth of population during 1500-1750

2.4 million in 1520

4.1 million in 1600

By 1750 How much of the population lived in towns

1/5

Population and poverty led to more ____________ in 1500-1700

Vagrancy

What new crimes were introduced by the church in 1500-1750 (5)

Drinking

Swearing

Not attending church

Scolding

Sexual immorality

Witchcraft times

1500-1650

Peaks:

1580-90 during famine

During civil war

Why was there a growth of Witchcraft during 1500-1750

Widespread belief in magic and the devil

Who did accusations of Witchcraft often begin between

Rich landowners and a poor, elderly woman

What was a popular product to smuggle during 1500-1750

Tobacco (import duties of 30%)

Why were roads particularly dangerous during 1500-1750

Poor quality and unlit and people often carried possessions with them

Was there a police force in 1500-1750

No

Was there a professional judge during 1500-1750

No, just amateur

Why were more Watchmen employed

Patrol the streets of busier towns

What is an Assize

Country's main courts in 1250-1500

What did the Assizes deal with in 1500-1750 (5)

Murder

Manslaughter

Larceny (stealing goods over 12d)

Witchcraft

Rape

What sort of crimes did Manorial courts deal with in 1500-1750

Crimes committed by people of the Manor eg letting the animals out

Public Penance in 1500-1750

A public humiliation to stand in front of church to admit sins

What were the Pillory used for in 1500-1750

Traders who traded unfairly pelted with rotten food, stones and excrement (POO!)

Disorderly women were often placed in _____________ in 1500-1750

Cucking stool and paraded around

Ducking stools

Offender tied to chair with iron band and repeatedly lowered into a river or pool

A punishment used for Scolds in 1500-1750 was

Scold's bridle (a metal hat with a projecting spike that pushed into the mouth)