Module 2 (NHA CCMA Study Guide)

What is the function of the plasma membrane of a human cell?

It is a selectively permeable membrane that separates the internal components of the cell from the surrounding environment.

The gel-like fluid that fills the inside of a cell and serves as a medium for chemical reactions is called the _____.

cytoplasm

Which organelle is known as the "control center of the cell" and contains the genetic material in the form of DNA?

The nucleus.

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

To convert nutrients into energy for use by the cell, creating adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

The small granules of RNA found in the nucleolus or cytoplasm that are responsible for protein synthesis are called _____.

ribosomes

What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

It acts as the "packaging and shipping plant" of the cell, processing materials for external use and forming lysosomes.

Which organelle is responsible for digesting waste materials, including damaged organelles and materials entering the cell?

Lysosomes.

Which anatomical plane divides the body into equal left and right sides?

The midsagittal plane.

The _____ plane, also called the coronal plane, divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.

frontal

Which body plane divides the body into upper and lower sections?

The transverse plane.

Which body cavity contains the brain and is housed within the skull?

The cranial cavity.

The thoracic cavity contains which major organs?

The lungs, heart, and major vessels.

The _____ cavity is inferior to the abdominal cavity and houses the bladder and reproductive organs.

pelvic

What are the four quadrants of the abdomen?

Right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ).

What are the three main layers of the skin?

The epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer (hypodermis).

Which layer of skin is the outermost layer of epithelial tissue that covers the external surface of the body?

The epidermis.

What is the function of sudoriferous (sweat) glands?

To produce sweat to aid in cooling the body.

The adult axial skeleton is composed of which bones?

The skull, vertebrae, and ribs.

The adult appendicular skeleton includes which bones?

The arms, legs, and pelvic girdle.

What is the function of ligaments in the skeletal system?

They attach bone to bone for joint stability.

What is the function of tendons?

They join muscles to bones to help in moving extremities.

What type of bone is typically small and round, such as the carpals and tarsals?

Short bones.

Bones such as the skull and ribs, which have a large surface area, are classified as _____ bones.

flat

The process of producing new blood cells, which occurs in red bone marrow, is known as _____.

hematopoiesis

Which type of muscle, also called voluntary or striated muscle, is responsible for body movement?

Skeletal muscle.

_____ muscle is found only in the heart and is cross-fibered to allow the heart to contract from the top and bottom.

Cardiac

What is the function of lymph nodes?

They are structures that produce and store lymphocytes and are home to macrophages that filter lymph.

Which organ is the largest lymphoid organ and is located in the upper-left quadrant of the abdomen?

The spleen.

Which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

Arteries.

What is the name of the smallest blood vessels, which connect arterioles to venules and are the site of nutrient and oxygen exchange?

Capillaries.

The muscular layer of the heart is called the _____.

myocardium

What is the sinoatrial (SA) node often called?

The pacemaker of the heart.

Describe the primary function of the kidneys.

They are responsible for filtering waste from the blood and producing urine.

Which part of the gastrointestinal system is primarily responsible for the absorption of nutrients?

The small intestine.

Which organ, located in the right upper quadrant (RUQ), produces bile needed to break down fats?

The liver.

What is the primary function of the large intestine (colon)?

It completes absorption and forms feces from solid waste products.

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the lungs occurs in the tiny air sacs called _____.

alveoli

The central nervous system (CNS) is comprised of the _____ and the _____.

brain; spinal cord

The _____ nervous system is made of peripheral nerves found throughout the body.

peripheral

What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

The neuron.

The _____ nervous system controls the body's automatic functions like breathing and digestion.

autonomic

Which body system is made of organs and glands that produce, store, and release hormones?

The endocrine system.

What are the primary male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone?

The testes.

In the female reproductive system, which organs produce ova, estrogen, and progesterone?

The ovaries.

What is the term for the hollow muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops?

The uterus.

The nervous system and endocrine system are primarily responsible for achieving and maintaining _____.

homeostasis

What is the etiology of cellulitis?

It is caused by Streptococcus or Staphylococcus bacteria entering the skin through cuts or abrasions.

The characteristic sign of skin cancer melanoma is a skin mole with specific characteristics, such as _____.

Asymmetry, irregular border, uneven color, and a diameter more than ¼ inch.

What is the typical treatment for a sprain?

RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation).

Osteoporosis is a condition that leads to what changes in the bones?

It leads to bone loss, making bones weaker and more prone to fracture.

Gout is caused by the excessive accumulation of what substance in a joint?

Uric acid.

Atherosclerosis is defined as the _____ of the arteries due to fatty deposits.

hardening

What is the underlying cause of congestive heart failure (CHF)?

The heart's decreased ability to pump blood adequately.

A myocardial infarction (MI), or heart attack, is typically caused by what event?

The occlusion of the cardiac muscle because of atherosclerosis of the coronary artery.

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is most commonly caused by which bacteria?

Escherichia coli (E. coli).

What is the cause of celiac disease?

An immune response triggered by gluten, leading to damage of the small intestine.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is caused by the dysfunction of which muscle?

The lower esophageal sphincter.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease in which airflow into and out of the lungs is blocked, usually due to a combination of what two conditions?

Bronchitis and emphysema.

A cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke, is caused by what?

A decrease in blood supply to the brain or a rupture of a blood vessel in the brain.

Shingles is caused by the varicella zoster virus, which also causes what other condition?

Chicken pox.

What is the cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A lack of insulin production, often due to a genetic, autoimmune condition.

What is the cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Insulin resistance, often due to a mix of genetics, obesity, and lifestyle choices.

An overproduction of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland results in what condition?

Hyperthyroidism.

An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a zygote implants in an area other than the _____.

uterine wall

Which diagnostic imaging studies use radiation?

X-rays, computed tomography (CT), and nuclear medicine studies.

Which diagnostic imaging studies do not use radiation?

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound.

A disease that spreads rapidly to a large number of people is called a(n) _____.

epidemic

A worldwide outbreak of a disease, such as COVID-19, is known as a(n) _____.

pandemic

According to The Joint Commission's "Do Not Use" list, what should be used instead of "U, u, IU"?

Units.

What is the correct way to write "daily" to avoid misinterpretation, according to the "Do Not Use" list?

Write out "Daily" instead of using Q.D., QD, q.d., or qd.

What does the medical abbreviation "NPO" mean?

Nothing by mouth (nil per os).

What is the meaning of the abbreviation "PRN"?

As needed.

What does the medical abbreviation "SOB" stand for?

Shortness of breath.

What does the word root "cardi" refer to?

Heart.

The word root "hepat" refers to which organ?

The liver.

What is the meaning of the word root "nephr"?

Kidney.

The prefix "brady-" means _____.

slow

What does the prefix "tachy-" mean?

Fast.

The suffix "-itis" indicates what condition?

Inflammation.

What does the suffix "-ectomy" mean?

Removal, excision.

The suffix "-algia" refers to _____.

pain

What is the medical term for high blood pressure?

Hypertension.

The term "myocardial infarction" is the medical term for what common condition?

Heart attack.

In anatomical terms, _____ means toward the front of the body.

anterior (or ventral)

The directional term "posterior" means toward the _____ of the body.

back (or dorsal)

What does the directional term "proximal" mean?

Closer to the body's trunk.

The term _____ refers to something further from the body's trunk.

distal

According to Erikson's stages of development, what is the primary psychosocial crisis for infants?

Trust vs. Mistrust.

The psychosocial crisis of "Identity vs. Role Confusion" occurs during which developmental stage?

Adolescence.

According to Erikson, what is the main psychosocial task for young adults?

Intimacy vs. Isolation.

Generativity vs. Stagnation is the psychosocial crisis that occurs during _____ adulthood.

middle

What psychosocial crisis do older adults face, according to Erikson?

Ego Integrity vs. Despair.

A mood disorder that can be caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain, leading to extreme sadness, fatigue, and lack of motivation, is known as _____.

depression

A condition resulting from a traumatic or terrifying event, characterized by intrusive memories, is called _____.

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A(n) _____ stressor is anything in the environment that causes anxiety or stress, such as pollution, overcrowding, or major disasters.

environmental

Job loss, medical bills, or a sudden expense are examples of _____ stressors.

socioeconomic

What is the defense mechanism of "denial"?

The avoidance of unpleasant or anxiety-provoking situations or ideas by rejecting them or ignoring their existence.

The defense mechanism involving the explanation of something negative or unacceptable to seem justifiable or acceptable is known as _____.

rationalization

Which defense mechanism is defined as the reversion to an earlier, more childlike, developmental behavior?

Regression.

In the Kubler-Ross model, which stage of grief involves the person not believing that the loss is happening or has happened?

Denial.