gc lab 2 midterm

Significant Figures

The number of meaningful digits used to express a measurement or calculation.

Random Error

Error caused by unpredictable fluctuations in the measurement process.

Systematic Error

Error that is consistent and repeatable, often due to a flaw in the measurement process.

Absolute Error

The difference between the measured value and the true value.

Relative Error

The absolute error divided by the true value, often expressed as a percentage.

Error Propagation

The process of determining the maximum anticipated random error of a calculated result based on uncertainties in the individual measurements.

Ideal Gas Law

A relation between pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles of a gas, expressed as PV=nRT.

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure

A law stating that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases.

Precision vs Accuracy

Precision refers to the consistency of measurements, while accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value.

Percent Deviation

A measure of how much a set of measurements varies from the average, expressed as a percentage.

Q Test

A statistical test used to determine if a value should be rejected from a data set.

Concentration Units

Different ways to express concentration, including molarity, molality, and percent by mass.

Dilution Calculation

A calculation used to determine concentrations after dilution, using the formula M1V1 = M2V2.

Volumetric Glassware

Glassware designed for precise liquid measurements, such as burets, volumetric flasks, and volumetric pipets.

Titrant

The solution of known concentration used in a titration.

Equivalence Point

The point in a titration when the amount of titrant is stoichiometrically equivalent to the amount of analyte in the solution.

Buffer Solution

A solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.

Henderson Hasselbalch Equation

An equation used to calculate the pH of a buffer solution, expressed as pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA]).

CARS Criteria

A method used to evaluate the credibility of a source based on Credibility, Accuracy, Reasonableness, and Support.

Primary Source

An original material or evidence directly related to the topic being studied.

Secondary Source

A source that analyzes, interprets, or critiques primary sources.

Tertiary Source

A summarization or compilation of information from primary and secondary sources.