stem

crust

The crust covers the earth's entire surface. It is the earth's outermost layer. The crust is the thinnest layer under the ocean, and the thickest under the continents, or landmasses. The crust is composed of rocks with a thin layer of soil. composed of granite and oceanic crust. It ranges in thickness from 6k to 90 km.

Continents

Large land masses

mantle

the mantle is under the earth's crust. It is made out of rock that contains iron and magnesium. The mantle is the thickest layer and it makes up most of the earth's mass. the upper part is rigid, and the lower part flows very easily.

core

The core is the center of the earth. It is made out of mostly iron and nickel.

Outercore

The outer core is liquid ad flows slowly,composed of metal

inner core

The inner core is solid under great pressure and is the hottest layer, composed of iron

Conduction

Conduction is the transfer of heat energy through solid matter as one particle strikes another. This is how heat moves through the core and the crust.

convection

the transfer of heat energy by flowing materials like liquid and gas. The heat moves through the earths mantle. (Mater in lower mantle heats up and expands).

Lithosphere

The brittle outer layer of the earth. The lithosphere is solid but is not an immovable shell. Earth's crust and upper mantle are brittle, and the outer layer of earth is solid but moves.

Plates

Moving plates of the lithosphere, that are made up of dozens of large and some smaller ones, both are made from oceanic crust.

Athenosphere

Zone of the upper mantle, underneath the lithosphere. It is through solid, and is hot enough to bend and change shape like putty. It moves because of convection currents, which make plates sit on top of it and move.

Convection currents

From the deep inside of the earth, and may cause the asthenosphere to flow slowly. When it moves, it carries the plates of the lithosphere. This is equivalent to the sizes, shapes, and positions always changing of the continents and the oceans.

Plate tectonics

The theory that earths solid plates move on top of the athenosphere

Sonar mapping

In sonar mapping, ships bounce sound waves off the ocean bottom. The time between sending the sound and receiving its echo is used to calculate the depth of the ocean at that point.

mid-ocean ridge

The sonar map showed a long, narrow chain of mountains rising from the ocean floor. the underwater range

Rift

a valley that runs along the crest of the mid-ocean range. Large amounts of heat flow from the rift.

Magma

Melted rock

Trenches

Narrow, deep regions of the ocean floor at the edges of plates. Old oceanic crust is carried down into the mantle as one plate is forced under the other and into the mantle.

Subduction

the sliding of one plate under another. The subtracted crust sinks into the mantle and melts. Occurs at trenches forcing it into the mantle where it will melt.

sea-floor spreading

The process of oceanic crust is created at the mid-ocean ridge, moving sideways away from the ridge. It is being pushed back or subducted into the mantle at a trench. Is led to the developing and accepting the theory of plate tectonics.

convergent boundary

A place where two plates come together and collide. A convergent boundary depends on the types of crust that meet.scenario 2 oceanic crust vs oceanic crust+a trench Continental crust vs continental curst=a mountain

divergent boundary

A place where two plates are moving apart. Most divergent boundaries are located along the mid-ocean range.

transform boundary

a place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions

Pangea

A supercontinent, which means "all lands". Believed to have split apart causing pieces to slowly slide and drift into the present places they are known as the continents

continental drift

A theory is that continents move from one spot on the earth to another.

Fossils

The remains, imprints, or traces of living things organisms, are preserved.

geologist

a scientist who studies the earth. they want to know the materials earth is made out of and how it has changed during its history.

What was alfred's evidence?

1. shapes of the continents fit like puzzle pieces
2. presence of rocks of the same type and age on both sides of the Atlantic ocean.
3. Fossil remains of a reptile on opposite sides of the ocean.
4. glacial deposits of the same age and type and different continents
5. Mating mountain belts on different continents.

Why did the people not believe Alfred?

because he did not know how or why the continents were moving

Isostasy

The repetitive stabilizing between the falling force of the crust and the lifting of the mantle

fault

A break in the earth's crust

earthquake

A vibration of the ground is caused by a release of energy from pressure and force, causing rocks in the earth's crust to slip and break.

ring of fire

circle of mountains surrounding the Pacific ocean

magnitude

Measure of the energy released during an earthquake

focus

point in earth's interior where energy is released

epicenter

Point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's focus

richter scale

a numerical scale 1-10 estimating the magnitude of an earthquake each number is 10x the number below it

Mercalli scale

a scale rating the intensity of the damage caused by an earthquake. I-xii

Theory of continental drift pt.1

This theory was proposed at the beginning of the 20th century (1912) by scientist Alfred Wegener to explain why the continents appeared to fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. It proposes that the continents are not stationary - they actually move very, very slowly across the face of the Earth.

Theory of Continental Drift pt.2

Many people did not believe Wegener's theory (even with the evidence listed above) because he could not explain how or why the continents were able to move. They also did not think of him as a true "scientist." He died in 1930 on an expedition to the Greenland ice sheet. His theory was still debated on even after his death. It was not until the 1960's that evidence came about which proved Wegener's "Theory of Continental Drift."