corrections quiz 5

when and where was the first juvenile court created?

1899; Cook County, Illinois

• based on the legal dotrine parents patriae (the state acted as the parent)

• used less stigmatizing language

what are the 3 suggested principles of modern juvenile justice?

1. limited use of detention/ incarceration

2. focus on prevention in community

3. designing programs based on evidence based strategies

what are the commonalties that most high-risk juvenile offenders show?

• persistent behavior problems in elementary school

• onset of delinquency, aggression, and drug use between ages 6-11

• antisocial parents

• antisocial peers, poor school performance, impulsive, weak social ties (ages 12-14)

• membership in gangs

• drug dealing

what is diversion?

a way to try and avoid the burdensome consequences of formal processing for juveniles

what are the 2 forms of diversion?

1. simply stop processing the case

2. diversion to specific programs

what happens after a petition is made with juveniles?

• most of them are released back into custody of their parents/ guardians while they await their initial appearance

what is the most common dispostion for juveniles who have been found guilty?

probation

what is residential placement for juveniles?

non secure facilities like group homes or foster care that allow youth to come and go with permission

what are secure residential facilities for juveniles?

• akin to adult prisons

• movement is restricted within the institution

• juveniles receive schooling/ access to programming

• these hold both the juvenile jail and prison population

are secure residential facilities successful for juvenile rehabilitiation?

• no, research hasn’t shown that sending juveniles to these facilities is rehabilitative

• people say that prisons are schools of crime

what is aftercare in the juvenile system?

• parole

• supervision + support

• juveniles who return from confinement face adjustment problems

  • have engaged in serious and/ or persistent delinquent behavior

  • they face a fearful community, school system, and family who may not be welcoming

what 3 concepts does parole rest on?

1. grace or privilege

2. contract of consent

3. custody

what are the origins of parole?

• Machonochie’s Mark System

  • strict imprisonment

  • labor on chain gangs

  • freedom within limited areas

  • ticket-of-leave or parole with conditional pardon

  • full restoration of liberty

• reformatory movement in the mid 1800s

who makes up the parole boards?

• former elected officials, experts, general community members

• selection:

  • in 44 states, the board is appointed wholly by the governor

  • all other states vary with qualifications

how are release decisions made?

• Whether someone is eligible to appear before a parole board depends on their sentence, statutory criteria, and the inmate’s conduct

• when?

  • In all indeterminate sentencing states, it’s the end of their minimum sentence minus any good time

  • no indeterminate sentencing: discretion of the parole board or calculated at 1/3 or ½ of their sentence

  • Other states: must serve 85% of their sentence