Y10 Chemistry MOCKS

In covalent bonding, electrons are _______

Shared

In ionic bonding, electrons are _______

Lost/Gain

Ionic = A ______ and a _______ reacting

Metal, Non-Metal

Ionic compounds are held together by forces of _______

Electrostatic attraction

Metal = _ Charge

+

Non-metal = _ Charge

-

What are ionic compounds made up of?

A giant structure of ions arranged in a lattice

Giant ionic structures are held by electrostatic attraction meaning it takes ____________

A lot of energy to overcome

Solid ionic compounds can/cannot conduct electricity → Ions aren’t/are fixed

Cannot → Ions are fixed

All ionic compounds will dissolve in water - True or False?

False → Many can but not all

Covalent = ___ _________ reacting

2+ non-metals

Which diagram is an example of covalent bonding?

B → Only shows outer shell

What is a giant covalent structure?

A compound made of a large network of covalent bonds

Diamond is a giant covalent structure, it is made of carbon with each atoning having _ bonds with other carbons

4

What holds simple molecule substances together?

Weak intermolecular forces → Low melting + boiling point

What holds individual molecules together?

Strong covalent bonds

What are polymers?

Very large molecules with very strong intermolecular forces

Compounds made of simple molecules cannot/can conduct electricity

Cannot → Covalent bonds stop this + no delocalised electrons

Giant covalent structures have strong bonds, this means it is _______ in water and ____ conduct electricity

Insoluble, can’t

Examples of giant covalent structures:

Diamond → Made of _____, each _____ is bonded to another _

Graphite → Made of _____, each _____ is bonded to another _, _____ conduct electricity

Carbon, Carbon, 4

Carbon, Carbon, 3, Can

All (except for graphite) giant covalent structures don’t have delocalised electrons - True or False

True → Can’t conduct, each carbon in graphite has 1 unbonded electron

Graphite will form giant layers of _____

Hexagons

Graphite layers are held together by ________

Intermolecular Forces

What is an allotrope?

Different arrangement of the same elements e.g. Diamond and graphite → Carbon

What is a fullerene?

Hollow shaped molecule of carbon. Based on hexagonal rings (6 carbons) but can be Pentagonal (5) or Heptagonal (7)

In a fullerene, each carbon is bonded to another _ and ___ carry a charge

3, can

What is a nanotube?

A very thin tube with a much greater length than diameter

What are some properties of a nanotube?

High tensile strength → Can withstand a lot

High electrical and thermal conductivity

What is graphene?

Single layer of graphite that is a very good conductor. Low density and the most reactive form of carbon.

Metallic = 2 ______ reacting

Metals

Metal cations are arranged in a _______. Outershell electrons of each metal atom are in a _________________.

Regularly arranged lattice. Sea of delocalised electrons from outershells.

What is the regular structure in metallic bonding called?

Giant metallic lattice

Metal cations are ___________ the electrons → _________ holds lattice tight and makes it strong

Attracted to, electrostatic attraction

More delocalised electrons = More ________ + ______

Electrostatic Attraction, stronger

Conductivity depends on the number of ____________

Delocalised electrons donated → More electrons able to carry the charge

Pure metals have layers that can easily _____________ meaning they’re soft and can be easily _____

Slide over each other, bent

When atoms are added to metals, it makes the layers ______

Distorted

In metals, there is _________________ attraction between cations and _________ electrons

Strong electrostatic, delocalised

Metal + Water → Metal ___________ + ________

Hydroxide, Hydrogen

Metal + Acid → _____ + _________

Salt, Hydrogen

Name the reactivity series using “Please Stop Calling Me A Careless Zebra Instead Try Learning How Copper Saves Gold”

Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Carbon, Zinc, Iron, Tin, Lead, Hydrogen, Copper, Silver, Gold

What’s an observation of iron in acid?

Little effervescence/bubbling

What’s an observation of copper in acid?

No reaction

What’s an observation of magnesium in acid?

Got warmer and foamed/bubbled

When can a solution carry a charge?

When aqueous or molten

In a displacement reaction, which metal displaces the other?

More reactive displaces the less reactive one

When a metal reacts with acid, the _______ in the acid is displaced. Metal must be ____ reactive than _______.

Hydrogen, more, hydrogen

To separate metals from their oxides, _____ must be used. The metal must be _____ reactive than it.

Carbon, less

Oxidation is ______. Reduction is _______

Loss (of electrons). Gain (of electrons).

Metals are found as ______ with another element.

Ores

To collect pure metal, you must _______ the oxide → Method depends on ________

Reduce, reactivity

For metals more reactive than carbon, you must use _________

Electrolysis

To do electrolysis, the compound must be ______ or ________

Molten, aqueous

Complete this (Acid name → Salt name/ending):

Hydrochloric → ___________

__________ → Sulphate

Nitric → _________

Chloride, sulphuric, nitrate

Neutralisation - Acid + _____ → ____ + Water

Base, salt

Write the steps when making a salt (ABCDEEF)

Acid → Gently Heat

Base → Combine with acid

Crystallisation and Cool

Dab dry → Filter paper

Excess → Solid base seen at the bottom = all acid has reacted

Evaporate → Gently over water bath

Filter → Funnel + Filter paper

A concentrated acid has ____ solute particles in a given volume than a dilute

More

In a strong acid it _____ ionises meaning ______ molecules will dissociate

Fully, all

In a weak acid it _____ ionises meaning _____ molecules will dissociate

Partially, some

What do electrodes do?

Carry electricity into a solution to pull it apart

What charge is the anode?

Positive

What charge is the cathode?

Negative

What charge is the anion?

Negative

What charge is the cation?

Positive

What 2 elements are electrodes mostly made from?

Graphite or platinum

What is electroylsis?

Splitting a substance using an electrical current

What are the charges of OH and NO₃ ?

-1

What are the charges of SO₄ and CO₃ ?

-2

At the anode, what is the rule?

If a halide (Group 7), it will form the halide, otherwise, OH^- will form water + oxygen

At the cathode, what is the rule?

Least reactive forms

What are some uses of aluminium?

Pans, drink cans, aeroplanes

How is bauxite collected?

Collected by open cast mining

What does bauxite contain and is purified to?

Aluminium oxide (Al₂ O₃)

What is aluminium oxide’s melting point?

High → 2050⁰C

Aluminium Oxide’s melting point can be lowered when mixed with molten _______

Cryolite

Electrodes are made of hot _____ which react with oxygen to form _____ _______

Carbon, carbon dioxide

Anodes get ___ ____ meaning they need to get ______ regularly

Worn away, replaced