Enlightenment

What was the geocentric theory?

The theory that the planets revolved around the Earth

Who came up with the geocentric theory?

Ptolemy

What was the heliocentric theory?

The theory that the planets revolved around the Sun

Who came up with the heliocentric theory?

Copernicus

What theories did Isaac Newton come up with?

The law of gravitation, Inertia (object at rest stays at rest without outside force), and wrote Principia

What is the most famous saying of Descartes?

“I think therefore I am”

What is the scientific method?

A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence

What are the steps of scientific method?

Observation, Hypothesis, Experimentation, Analyzation

Who was William Harvey?

He showed the heart was the beginning point for the circulation of blood. He also discovered that the same blood flows through the veins and arteries and makes a complete circuit through the body

Who was Lavoisier?

He invented a system for naming chemical elements

Who was Jenner?

He developed the smallpox vaccine

What is the order of the Great Chain of Being?

God - Saints - King - Nobles - Commoners - Lion - Worm - Plants - Dirt - The Damned - Devil

What idea got Galileo charged with heresy?

The moons of Jupiter revolve around Jupiter, not the Earth/

Why was Galileo’s idea seen as heresy?

Because it says the church is wrong, and if the church is wrong about the Earth, they could also be wrong about heaven.

Why were some Church officials opposed to Galileo?

Because his discoveries challenged Church teachings and threatened their authority.

Why were some nobles opposed to Galileo?

Because his ideas were seen as disruptive because it questioned the system of those in power (GCoB)

How does Galileo plan to write his findings and why?

He plans to write the book in the common language so that many people can understand his findings, especially the commoners

Why does Galileo say he sold out?

Because he has taken back his word even though he still believes the Earth isn’t the center.

What does Galileo want science to be used for?

To ease human existence

What does Galileo fear science will be used for?

To make those of higher status richer, and the poor even poorer

What was the Enlightenment?

The 18th century philosophical movement based on the critical examination of the tradition belief system, with a new emphasis on logic and science

What is the first main thing that Enlightenment thinkers generally believed in?

The truth could be found by using reason

What is the second main thing that Enlightenment thinkers generally believed in?

Everything had to follow natural law, even human nature

What is the third main thing that Enlightenment thinkers generally believed in?

Individualism was important, and all men were equal

What is the fourth main thing that Enlightenment thinkers generally believed in?

Scientific advances/progress could make society perfect

What is the fifth main thing that Enlightenment thinkers generally believed in?

The Catholic Church was an obstacle to progress, because they focused on the afterlife rather than improving this life

What is the sixth main thing that Enlightenment thinkers generally believed in?

Deism

What is Deism?

The idea that God created an orderly universe that ran according to natural law, and the world doesn’t need his help to keep going

What is the seventh main thing that Enlightenment thinkers generally believed in?

Education could improve society

What was Voltaire’s main idea?

People should try to improve life as it is really lived. Freedom of speech and religious tolerance

What was Cesare Beccaria’s main idea?

Criminals should not be punished until proven guilty, didn’t believe in using torture to force confessions

What was Montesquieu’s main idea?

Government should be separated into branches so that no one had too much power.

What was Rousseau’s main idea?

Popular sovereignty, what the people thought was the best should become law

What was Mary Wollstonecraft’s main idea?

Enlightenment ideas, such as equality, should apply to women

What did Diderot do?

Wrote the Encyclopedia, which helped spread ideas of the Enlightenment

What was Laissez-Faire?

The idea that the government should interfere as little as possible in the economy

Who came up with Laissez-Faire?

Adam Smith

What famous book did Adam Smith write?

The Wealth of Nations

What was the importance of the Seven Years’ War?

It made Britain the world’s greatest colonial power by winning in India and North America, while France lost most of its colonies, even though Europe saw little territorial change.

What is the invisible hand?

The theory that the economy can regulate itself because individuals making choices for their own gain naturally balance supply, demand, and prices

What is the First Basic Rule of Economics?

If there is more supply but a regular demand, price goes down.

What is the Second Basic Rule of Economics?

If supply goes down but a regular demand, price goes up

What is the Third Basic Rule of Economics?

If supply is regular but demand goes up, price goes up

What is the Fourth Basic Rule of Economics?

If supply is regular but demand goes down, price goes down

What is meant by the division of labor?

Dividing one job into many smaller tasks, with each worker doing a specific part.

What are the advantages of a division of labor?

Improves worker's’ skill by having them repeat one task, saves time by eliminating the need to switch between jobs, and increases overall production

What was the stamp act?

A tax on paper goods

Why did the colonists object the stamp act?

It was taxation without representation

Who wrote Common Sense?

Thomas Paine

What did Common Sense say?

It argued for a complete break from Britain and full independence

Which of the Founding Fathers was the earliest advocate of independence?

Benjamin Franklin

What was the turning point of the American Revolution?

The Battle of Saratoga because it convinced France to openly support the Americans

Where was the final defeat in the American Revolution?

Yorktown, Virginia

Why was supporting the Revolution a long-term mistake for the King of France?

Supporting a democratic revolution helped inspire unrest in France, which later led to the French Revolution

What Enlightenment ideals were used to form the American government?

Separation of powers, popular sovereignty, individual freedoms, limited government, representative democracy, checks and balances

Why was Washington called the “Indispensable Man”

Because he kept the army together through defeats, shortages, and uncooperative colonists, inspired loyalty with his honor and discipline, and led effectively without seeking personal gain

How did Voltaire feel about warfare?

He thinks that warfare is a terrible, brutal, tragic waste of life, “scoundrels who infected its surface” and “heroic butchery”

How did Voltaire feel about the Church?

He thinks that the Church brings oppression and violence, “You have monks to dispute, to govern, to intrigue, and to have people burned who are not of their opinion?”

How did Voltaire feel about slavery?

He thinks that slavery is terrible, causes many people to suffer, and doesn’t bring enough benefit, “When we try to run away, they cut off a leg. It is at this price that you eat sugar in Europe.”

How did Voltaire feel about medicine?

He thinks medicine is questionable and is very critical of it, “However, by dint of his medicines and bloodletting, Candide’s illness became serious.”

What does Voltaire think about human nature?

That it is often foolish, selfish, and cruel. He believes it can be changed because humans have free will and can change.

Who was in each of the three estates?

The first estate was the Church, the second estate was the Nobles, and the third estate was the Commoners.

Who was king of France during the Revolution?

King Louis XVI

What were some of the causes of the Revolution?

Cost of Seven years War, American Revolution, Food Shortages, Inflation, Unemployment, Bad Harvests

Who is reported to have said “Let Them Eat Cake”

Marie Antoinette

On what date was the Bastille stormed?

July 14, 1789

Who were the Sans-Culottes?

The rebels who heavily supported the Revolution. The name means “Without Fancy Pants”

Who was Lafayette?

The National Assembly’s most popular member, and he wrote the Declaration of The Rights of Man

Who was Robespierre?

The leader of the Paris Commune who scapegoated and killed many

Who was Marat?

A journalist who wrote things against the king and was used as a propagandist for the Paris Commune. He was stabbed to death in his office/bathtub.

What did Napoleon consider his most important achievement?

The Napoleonic Code

Where did Napoleon invade with his largest army?

Russia

Why did Napoleon lose in Russia

Cold weather. Russia burnt down their territory after retreating so there would be no food or shelter for his troops. Disease broke out among his troops.

In what battle was Napoleon defeated once and for all?

Waterloo

What disease decimated Napoleon’s troops?

Typhus

Who wrote the Vindication of the Rights of Women?

Mary Wollstonecraft

What were some of Mary Wollstonecraft’s main ideas about the oppression of women?

Women’s flaws come from oppression. Women should have power over themselves and not submit blindly to men.

What were some of Mary Wollstonecraft’s main ideas about beauty and marriage?

Society teaches women that beauty and marriage are their main goals, which limits their potential. Women could work and pursue professions instead of depending on marriage for support

What were some of Mary Wollstonecraft’s main ideas about education?

Women should be educated to think and act independently, just like men. Equal education for boys and girls will allow women to develop virtue and knowledge, helping them become better citizens