NUR 206, Section 002 Exam 3 Review

These flashcards cover the key concepts and details presented in the lecture notes for NUR 206, focusing on diabetes, obesity, gastrointestinal health, pain management, and related clinical conditions.

Type 1 Diabetes

Most common pediatric chronic disease, diagnosed around 12 years, accounts for about 5-10% of diabetes cases.

Symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes

Increased glucose in blood (osmotic effect), increased glucose in urine (polyuria), hunger (polyphagia), thirst (polydipsia), delayed wound healing.

Acute Complications of Diabetes

Hypoglycemia, Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome.

Signs of Hypoglycemia

Pallor, tremor, anxiety, tachycardia & palpitations, diaphoresis, headache, dizziness, irritability, fatigue, confusion, seizures.

Microvascular Complications of Diabetes

Complications affecting capillaries: retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy.

Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes

Complications affecting medium & large vessels: cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease.

Sulfonylureas

A class of oral antidiabetic drugs that stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.

Onset of Rapid Acting Insulin

Rapid acting insulin (e.g., insulin lispro) starts working in 15 minutes and peaks in 1 hour.

Onset of Short Acting Insulin

Short acting insulin (e.g., insulin regular) has an onset of 30-60 minutes and peaks in 2-6 hours.

Onset of Intermediate Acting Insulin

Intermediate acting insulin (NPH) has an onset of 2-4 hours, peaks in 4-10 hours, and lasts 10-20 hours.

Hemoglobin A1c levels (HbA1C)

Blood test that measures the average glucose level over 2-3 months.

Dawn Phenomenon

A natural increase in blood glucose that occurs in the morning due to hormonal release.

Somogyi Effect

Hypoglycemia followed by hyperglycemia due to counter-regulatory mechanisms.

Obesity Criteria

BMI ≥ 30 is considered obese.

Leptin Function

Signals the brain that the body has had enough to eat, but obese individuals may be resistant to its effects.

Metabolic Syndrome Criteria

At least 3 of the following: fasting glucose > 100, waist circumference > 40 in men, triglycerides > 150, HDL < 40 in men, blood pressure ≥ 130/85.

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) MOA

Irreversibly inhibit HCl secretion by binding to the proton pump in the stomach.

COX-1 vs COX-2

COX-1 protects gastric mucosa; COX-2 mediates inflammation and pain.

GERD definition

Gastroesophageal reflux disease characterized by backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus.

Testicular Cancer Early Manifestations

Enlargement of testicle and painless mass.

Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer

Non-modifiable factors include age, family history, and race; modifiable include obesity and physical activity.

BPH Clinical Manifestations

Frequency, urgency, delayed initiation of urination, weak urine stream, urinary retention.

Urosepsis

Severe systemic response to UTI often seen in elderly, diabetics, and immunosuppressed patients.

Therapeutic Use of Docusate Sodium

Lubricates fecal materials and promotes fat absorption into fecal mass.

Dumping Syndrome

Rapid emptying of stomach contents into the small intestine with symptoms like nausea and weakness.

Signs of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Diarrhea, constipation, cramping abdominal pain, nausea.

Pain Definition

Complex experience involving physical, cognitive, emotional, and environmental factors.

Transduction Phase of Pain

The phase where painful stimuli are converted to action potentials at sensory receptors.

A-delta vs C Fibers

A-delta fibers transmit sharp pain quickly; C fibers transmit dull pain slowly.

Gate Control Theory of Pain

The theory that blocking pain before it reaches the brain can reduce pain perception.

Natural Painkillers

Endorphins, serotonin, and other neurotransmitters that mediate pain relief.

Primary drug for COPD patients experiencing acute symptoms

Short-acting bronchodilators, such as Albuterol.

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency

A genetic condition that increases the risk of lung and liver diseases.

Chronic manifestations of COPD

Chronic cough, sputum production, dyspnea, and weight loss.