WHAP Unit 9 Heimler

What is globalization?

Cultural & economic interconnectedness between people, businesses, & organizations throughout the world.

What are a few examples of globalization prior to the 1900s?

1) Silk Road

2) Pax Mongolica

3) The opening of Manila via the Spanish, which created a trade route from the Pacific to the Americas

What kinds of technologies aided globalization in the 1900s & beyond?

1) The telephone made long-distance communication possible

2) The radio spread entertainment & pop culture, allowed governments to directly speak w/ their people

These technologies reduced distant & encouraged immediate communication

What has social media done to aid globalization?

Platforms such as Facebook & Twitter became an open forum of conversation where everyone’s voices could be heard.

Facebook & Twitter were also used to promote & broadcast modern protest movements

How has the Chinese government pushed back social media?

In 2009, after riots broke out between a minority Muslim group known as Uighurs & the native Han population, China responded by shutting down Facebook & Twitter.

The Chinese government would create Weibo, an app that allows them to control & monitor what is posted.

How was agricultural technology changed by globalization?

As birth rates went up in the Global South w/ decolonization, this would directly lead to the Green Revolution.

New varieties of wheat, grain, & rice that was resistant to pests & drought would emerge. These varieties were created by cross-breeding, later on genetic engineering.

How did the Green Revolution improve the world’s supply of food & agricultural productivity?

The Green Revolution and its pest-resistant grains sustained the Earth’s growing birth rates due to its spread of chemically & genetically modified forms of agriculture.

What were the environmental consequences of the Green Revolution?

Deforestation, desertification, declining air quality, overconsumption of freshwater, & pollution of that freshwater due to excess fertilizer.

How did humans react to the consequences of the Green Revolution?

They began to violently fight over the scarce resources.

EX: The Syrian Civil War. After having Underwent 5 droughts & the continued neglect of natural resources by their leader, the people rose against him.

When the government halted in their support for the Syrian agricultural sector, people could no longer afford even the cheapest of necessities.

How did changes in energy technology contribute to globalization?

With the introduction of petroleum & nuclear power, the production of goods rapidly increased & raised productivity.

More recently, wind & solar energy are new changes to energy technology.

What are the concerns towards renewable energy (new energy technolgy)?

The burning of fossil fuels & release of greenhouse gasses contribute to climate change, global warming, atmospheric pollution.

Some believe it is a natural process; scientists believe it is manmade.

What are some international protocols that have been signed to combat climate change?

1997 → Kyoto Protocol; aimed to reduce carbon emissions.

2015 → Paris Agreement; greater provisions enacted to combat global warming.

Greenpeace; protests concerning environmental issues.

Due to globalization, what epidemics would occur across the globe?

1) The 1918 Flu Pandemic

2) The 1980 AIDS Pandemic

What diseases are associated w/ poverty?

Malaria, tuberculosis, cholera

What medical advances transformed human life & how?

Antibiotics were able to kill bacterial infections.

Birth Control pills allowed greater woman intervention/decision in social life, and lowered birth rates.

Vaccines wiped out diseases like smallpox & measles, while creating immunity for current diseases.

Life expectancy went up tremendously.

What diseases are associated w/ increased life expectancy?

Heart Disease & Alzheimer’s Disease

Both diseases are related to the weakening of the body overtime, and the decreasing of vaccine effects—immunity.

How did the end of the Cold War, & victory of the US, lead to increased trade?

More countries started to engage in free-market capitalism.

Only 4 Communist countries exist in the world today.

How did the Chile economy modernize in the 1980s?

Known as the Chilean Miracle, Pinochet’s rise to power was backed by the US in a Neoliberal reformist movement to combat socialism.

Neoliberal reforms contain: free-market principles, privatization of state-owned enterprises, stablizing inflation.

W/ these reforms came the need to borrow loans from the World Bank; regardless, the Chilean Economy was flourishing.

How did the Neoliberalism reforms in Chile harm people?

By increasing the gap between the rich & the poor, leading to the mass suffering of the poor.

The government began to remove incentives & programs that enriched the poor for the sake of free-market capitalism.

What are some groups that rose against the inequality gap between the rich & poor?

1) The World Fair Trade Organization; sets a minimum price for farmers’ crops that are not based on supply & demand (if cash crop supply increases, the price decreases → barely enough money to cover the cost of production)

2) anti-IMF & anti-World Bank (globalization) activism; protests that claim Neoliberalism is biased & only benefits the rich → World Bank & World Trade Organizations only serve the wealthy countries.

How as Neoliberalism spread by the US on the global stage?

Following the Cold War, many countries engaged in free-market capitalism.

American President (Reagan) & Prime minister pushed Neoliberalism upon poor countries. These countries were to take out loans from the World Bank to undergo capitalist reforms & stabilize their economy.

Similar to that of Chile, the economy was prosperous, but the gap between the poor & rich widened.

How did China’s economy undergo change in the 1980s?

Under the rule of Deng Xiaoping, he granted the Communist Chinese economy limited access to free-market principles.

Define a knowledge economy & provide a few examples.

Rather than physical contribution or resources, production is based on the mental, intellectual capabilities of workers.

Engineers, scientists, teachers are people w/ knowledge worth paying for.

EX of knowledge economies: US, Japan, Finland.

How has manufacturing shifted (& migrated) due to globalization?

Instead of companies manufacturing goods in their home country, goods are manufactured in areas w/ the cheapest cost of labor.

EX: Vietnam, Bangladesh, Mexico.

What are multinational corporations? What has it contributed to?

A company that controls manufacturing & the sale of goods in at least 1 other country than its homeland.

Multinational corporations directly reflect the spread of free-market principles by relying on supply & demand in global countries, as well as competition worldwide.

EX: Mcdonald’s, Google

What type of culture did globalization create?

Consumer culture.

It became globalized & practiced worldwide; directly influenced by free-market economics → supply & demand.

It went beyond national boundaries; people were buying goods not solely for survival, but for entertainment.

How can online shopping be associated w/ globalization?

New modes of transportation—airplanes & shipping containers—reduced the distance between regions & allowed goods to be shipped from boats to trains to trucks at a faster pace.

Corporations like Amazon & Alibaba sell & move goods around the world on a level that exceeds national boundaries.

How is pop culture associated w/ globalization?

Rooted in the 1920s, pop culture is derived from the people.

Arts, entertainment, & popular culture was spread by media technology: radio, movies, TV, the internet. People could watch/listen to the latest trends & feel connected to a wider community.

EX: Hollywood movies are loved globally. The rise of British culture music through the Beatles.

What is a cultural result of globalization?

The modern Olympic Games.

It originated in Greece during the late 19th century.

By the 21st century, nearly half of the world’s population tuned in via television to watch the Olympics.

Around 90% of the countries worldwide also participated in the games themselves.

What is an example of implementing greater human rights throughout the world?

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).

Pulled straight from the Enlightenment, humans were granted rights on the basis of their being human.

Humans had the right to equality, food, shelter, health care, education.

Most United Nations countries were involved in this treaty.

What is a similar UN movement for the greater rights of women across the globe?

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979).

A modern feminist movement; women should be granted the right to suffrage, equal education, birth control.

What were 3 non-violent movements that addressed racial discrimination?

1) US: Civil Rights Act (1964) & Voting Rights Act (1965). Led by MLK.

2) South Africa: End of apartheid via Nelson Mandela & economic boycott from the globe (1990s).

3) India: The Caste Reservation System (1950s). This was the opening of social opportunities for lower castes. Led by Gandhi

Define the United Nations (UN) & its origin.

Created after WW2 to prevent another global disaster & maintain peaceful diplomatic relations, the UN promotes worldwide peace, security, & cooperation.

The UN holds declarations, conventions, & sends peacekeeping troops throughout the world.