Ch 8 Head and Neck

cranial cavity

largest compartment, holds brains and meninges

orbits

cone shaped chambers, holds eyes

nasal cavities

between orbits, have walls/ceilings/floors, composed of cartilage, air filled sinuses continuous

nares

anterior openings of nasal cavity

choanae

posterior openings of nasal cavities

oral cavity

inferior to nasal cavities and separated by hard and soft palates

oral fissure

anterior opening to oral cavity

oropharyngeal isthmus

posterior opening of oral cavity

infratemporal fossa

region between mandible and maxilla, nerve passage

pterygopalatine fossa

region above maxilla for nerve passage

face region

anterior aspect of head, muscles that move skin, oral cavity, and orbit openings

scalp region

covers superior, posterior, and lateral head regions

neck region

head above and thorax below

compartments enclosed in musculofascial collar of neck

vertebral, visceral, and 2 vascular

neck vertebral compartment

includes cervical vertebrae and postural muscles

neck visceral compartment

includes glands, parts of digestive/respiratory tracts

neck vascular compartments

one on each side, includes major vessels and vagus nerve

larynx

upper part of lower airway attached to hyoid bone/trachea, vocal folds here

pharynx

attached to skull base/ esophagus, nasal/oral cavities/larynx

functions of head/neck

protection, upper parts of respiratory/digestive tracts, communication, positioning head using neck

sutures

immovable fibrous joints of the skull

fontanelles

membranous, unossified gaps between fetal/newborn bones that allow head to deform during passage through birth canal, postnatal growth

3 synovial joints on each sides of the skull

temporomandibular joint, and 2 joints between the middle ear bones

cervical vertebrae

7 vertebrae of neck

small bodies with bifid spinous processes and transverse processes with foramen

atlas and axis

hyoid bone

u shaped nonarticulating bone in horizontal plane, superior to larynx, body is anterior and greater horns are posterior, attached to floor of oral cavity, pharynx is posterior

soft palate

tissue flap hinged to back of hard palate

various muscles of the head

extra-ocular, middle ear, facial expression, mastication, soft palate, tongue

various muscles of the neck

muscles of the pharynx and larynx, hyoid strap muscles, outer cervical collar, postural muscles

superior thoracic aperature

superior opening of the thorax that opens into neck base

axillary inlet

on each side, connects neck base to upper limbs

CIII-CIV Level feature

common carotid bifurcates into external/internal carotid artery

CV-CVI Level feature

superior limit of trachea and esophagus

12 pairs of … that innervate head/neck

cranial nerves

8 pairs of … that innervate head/neck

cervical nerves

cervical plexus

anterior rami of C1-C4

brachial plexus

anterior rami of C5-T1

…. is the common chamber for digestive and respiratory tracts

pharynx

soft palate and epiglottis

these structures act as valves within the larynx to prevent food/liquid from entering lower respiratory tract

normal breathing

airway open, esophagus closed, soft palate in neutral position

breathing w/ liquid/food in oral cavity

soft palate depressed to allow food manipulation while breathing

swallowing

soft palate and epiglottis act as valves

in a …. the larynx is high in the neck, epiglottis is above soft palate for simultaneous sucking and breathing

newborn

these muscles form anterior and posterior triangles of the neck

trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

skull

22 bones (excluding ear bones)

attached to each other by immobile sutures to form cranium

calvaria

upper domed part of cranium

base of skull

floor of cranium

viscerocranium

facial skeleton and lower anterior part of cranium

bones of calvaria

temporal, parietal, frontal, sphenoid, occipital

bones of skull base

sphenoid, temporal, occipital

bones of viscerocranium

nasal, palatine, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxillae, inferior nasal conchae, vomer

meninges that surround brain and spinal cord

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

cranial dura mater

2 layers, only one continuous with foramen magnum

periosteal layer of dura mater

attached to skull, contains meningeal arteries, continuous with periosteum on outer skull

meningeal layer of cranial dura mater

contacts arachnoid mater and continuous with foramen magnum

layers of cranial dura mater separate in some locations to form…

venous structures or separatations

falx cerebri

dural partition that separates 2 cerebral hemispheres

tentorium cerebelli

horizontal dural partition, separates cerebellum from cerebral hemispheres

falx cerebelli

dural partition that encloses cerebral hemispheres

diaphragm sellae

dural partition that separates pituitary and hypothalamus

dura mater supplied by meningeal arteries that branch from these arteries

maxillary and carotid artery

dura mater innervated by branches of …

trigeminal (V) and vagus (X) nerves

arachnoid mater

thin, avascular membrane that lines inner dura, does not enter grooves/fissures of the brain

pia mater

thin membrane that closely follows contours of brain surface, is close to roots of cranial nerves

extradural space

potential space btwn dura mater and bone

subdural space

true space nonexistent, but blood can collect in this region between dura and arachnoid

subarachnoid space

normally occurring CSF filled space

telencephalon

cerebrum, large cerebral hemispheres

diencephalon

consists of thalamus, hypothalamus, and other related structures

mesencephalon

midbrain, 1st part of brainstem

metencephalon

includes pons and gives rise to cerebellum

myelincephalon

includes medulla oblongata, caudal most brainstem, ends at foramen magnum

brain is supplied by vertebral and internal carotid arteries which interconnect to produce

cerebral arterial circle

vertebral arteries enter the brain through the

foramen magnum

internal carotid arteries enter the brain through the

carotid canals in cranial cavity

vertebral arteries

arise from subclavians, branch into anterior/posterior spinal arteries to spinal cord, L/R join to form basilar, supplies cerebellum and pons

internal carotid arteries

arise from common carotid arteries, branch into ophthalmic, posterior communicating, middle cerebral, and anterior cerebral arteries

networks of small venous channels drain into larger cerebellar/cerebral/brainstem veins which drain into..

dural venous sinuses

dural venous sinuses

spaces between outer periosteal/inner meningeal dura mater layers, drains into internal jugular beins

diploic veins

run between internal and external compact bone of skull, empty to sinuses

emissary veins

outside cranial cavity and drains into dural venous sinuses, no valves so pathway for infections

cavernous venous sinus

collects from cerebral ophthalmic, and emissary veins

pathway for infections and vulnerable to injury

The head is divided into the 

 

cranial and facial cavities

 

cranial and facial cavities, ears

 

cranial, nasal, and facial cavities

 

cranial cavity, ears, orbits, nasal cavities, and oral cavity

cranial cavity, ears, orbits, nasal cavities, and oral cavity

Which structure is associated with the respiratory airway?

 

larynx

 

pharynx

 

oropharynx

 

esophagus

larynx

Which structure is associated with digestive tract?

 

larynx

 

pharynx

 

vocal folds

 

trachea

pharynx

Which joint type is found only in the skull?

 

sutures

 

gliding

 

gomphoses

 

symphyses

sutures

Which bone in the head/neck does not articulate with another skeletal element?

 

atlas

 

axis

 

mandible

 

hyoid

hyoid

The atlas of the neck articulates with the _____ of the skull.

 

pharyngeal tubercle

 

foramen magnum

 

occipital crest

 

occipital condyles

occipital condyles

The cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone in the skull has a role in

 

hearing.

 

speaking.

 

smelling.

 

chewing food.

smelling

Which meningeal layer separates structures in the cranium?

 

pia mater

 

arachnoid mater

 

arachnoid space

 

cranial dura mater

cranial dura mater

The brain receives blood supply from the

 

jugular arteries.

 

brachial arteries.

 

carotid arteries.

 

cephalic arteries.

carotid arteries

The ____ is made up of the cerebral hemispheres, and the ____ is made up of the cerebellum.

 

metencephalon, diencephalon

 

myelencephalon, telencephalon

 

diencephalon, mesencephalon

 

telencephalon, metencephalon

telencephalon, metencephalon

cranial nerves

12 pairs

part of the PNS

all originate from the brain (except XI)

sensory and motor nerves

general somatic afferent (GSA)

perception of touch, pain, and temp

general visceral afferent (GVA)

sensory input form viscera

special afferent (SA)

smell, taste, vision, hearing, and balance

General Somatic Efferent (GSE)

motor innervation to skeletal (voluntary) muscles

General Visceral Efferent

motor innervation to smooth muscle, heart muscle, and glands

olfactory nerve (I)

SA-olfaction

act as receptors in nasal mucosa (roof of upper nasal cavity) that pass through the cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

synapse with secondary neurons in olfactory bulb

optic nerve (II)

SA - vision

from photoreceptors of retina in eye to brain

travels through optic canal

oculomotor nerve (III)

GSE - extraocular muscles

GVE -parasympathetic part of ANS-pupil constriction by