AP Euro Chapter 29

The Helsinki Accords of 1975 called for

respect for human rights and the recognition of existing political boundaries.

In the 1960s and 1970s, what was the purpose of eastern European economic policies such as Hungary's New Economic Mechanism and East Germany's New Economic System?

to introduce some economic liberalization and encourage the production of consumer products

Which of the following helps explain the revolutions in the East Bloc in 1989?

East Bloc economies never really recovered from the economic catastrophe of the 1970s.

How did Helmut Kohl's neoliberal policies in Germany in the 1980s affect the Germany economy?

The policies increased unemployment in heavy industry but led to solid economic growth

According to Map 29.2: Democratic Movements in Eastern Europe, 1989, which country had the most popular demonstrations?

Yugoslavia

What was Mikhail Gorbachev's goal in bringing reforms to Russia?

To revitalize the Soviet system in order to save it

Boris Yeltsin's role in the disintegration of the Soviet Union included

emerging as a radical reform Communist who embraced the democratic movement and led Russia to declare independence from the Soviet Union.

Who began the wave of social unrest that almost toppled Charles de Gaulle's Fifth Republic?

students

What did the leaders of the Prague Spring hope to accomplish in Czechoslovakia?

To reconcile socialism with internal party democracy, in which local decision by trade unions, managers, and consumers would replace rigid bureaucratic planning

The postindustrial society that emerged at the end of the 1970s

relied on high-tech and service-oriented jobs for economic growth rather than on heavy industry and manufacturing jobs.

In response to the growing power of Solidarity in Poland, Wojciech Jaruzelski, a general and head of the Polish government, suddenly

proclaimed martial law and arrested Solidarity's leaders.

In the following excerpt from The Second Sex (Evaluating the Evidence 29.2), Simone de Beauvoir offers her views on traditional marriage: In Beauvoir's view,

traditional marriage is a kind of death for women.

Poland differed from the other Eastern Bloc states in the 1970s and 1980s because

of its independent agriculture and vigorous church.

What was the result of Margaret Thatcher's effort to encourage low- and moderate-income renters to buy their apartments?

It created a new class of property owners.

How did the Solidarity trade union in Poland understand its goals in the early 1980s?

It sought a self-limiting revolution to defend freedoms won in previous agreements with the Communist government.

The following is an excerpt from "Some Preconditions for Resolving the Ecology Crisis" (Thinking Like a Historian) by Rudolf Bahro, a founding member of the West German Green Party: In this excerpt, Bahrosuggests that a solution to the ecology crisis will require

an easing of hostility between countries.

According to Map 29.2: Democratic Movements in Eastern Europe, 1989, which country was the first to display a democratic movement?

Poland

Why did OPEC declare an oil embargo on the United States in 1973?

The United States had aided Israel in its war with Egypt and Syria in 1973.

Following the failure of his program of nationalization and public investment in the early 1980s, French president François Mitterrand

was forced to introduce austerity measures.

How did the West German chancellor Helmut Kohl build support for German reunification in East Germany?

He offered the East Germans an economically advantageous swap of East German currency for West German currency.

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Spain faced terrorist actions by an insurgent movement of

Basque separatists

The Brezhnev Doctrine stated that the Soviet Union and its allies

had the right to intervene in any East Bloc country if necessary to preserve Communist rule

How did the role of Christian churches change in postwar Europe?

Church membership and attendance declined significantly.

What did the New Left advocate?

The establishment of socialism with a human face that would avoid the worst excesses of capitalism or Soviet-style communism

Samizdat literature referred to books, periodicals, pamphlets, and newspapers that were

published secretly and passed from hand to hand.

glasnost

Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev's popular campaign for openness in government and the media.

Brezhnev Doctrine

Doctrine that held that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any East Bloc country whenever it saw the need.

détente

The progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions that emerged in the early 1970s

neoliberalism

Philosophy of 1980s conservatives who argued for decreased government spending on social

stagflation

Term coined in the early 1980s to describe the combination of low growth and high inflation that led to a worldwide recession.

What was the policy of détente that Social Democrats in Europe pursued?

A progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions

The experience of women in the socialist systems of the East Bloc countries of the 1970s included

an extensive system of state-supported childcare that freed women to work outside the home.

In 1992, Francis Fukuyama declared that the world had arrived at

"the end of history."

What did Rachel Carson seek to expose in her book Silent Spring?

The rampant overuse of pesticides

Mikhail Gorbachev, who became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985, tried to reform the Communist system through perestroika, or

economic restructuring

Who was Poland's first non-Communist prime minister in 1989?

Tadeusz Mazowiecki

How was the revolution in Romania in 1989 different from the revolutions in the rest of eastern Europe?

It became violent and bloody when Communist leaders ordered security forces to slaughter thousands.

What was the Paris Accord, signed in 1990 by twenty-two European countries, the United States, and the Soviet Union?

Essentially a general peace treaty that brought an end to both World War II and the Cold War

Which of the following describes Eastern Bloc living standards in the 1970s?

Well below those in the West but well above those in the developing world

What did the era of stagflation in the 1970s demonstrate about the social welfare states in western Europe?

The welfare state was capable of preventing mass suffering and sustaining political stability and democracy.

What did Richard Nixon do following his election to the U.S. presidency in 1968?

Gradually reduced American involvement in the Vietnam War

Why did the August 1991 attempted coup by the Communist old guard in the Soviet Union fail?

Massive popular resistance rallied around Boris Yeltsin

Solidarity

Independent Polish trade union that worked for workers' rights and political reform throughout the 1980s

Velvet Revolution

The term given to the relatively peaceful overthrow of communism in Czechoslovakia; the label came to signify the collapse of the East Bloc in general in 1989 to 1990

perestroika

Economic restructuring and reform implemented by Premier Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union in 1985

New Left

A 1960s counterculture movement that embraced updated forms of Marxism to challenge both Western capitalism and Soviet-style communism.

postindustrial society

Society that relies on high-tech and service-oriented jobs for economic growth rather than heavy industry and manufacturing jobs.

Who wrote Divided Heaven (1963), a classic example of a novel that provided a critical view of life in East Germany but did not directly oppose communism?

Christa Wolf

The following is an excerpt from the Manifesto of the Czechoslovak dissident group Charter 77 (Evaluating the Evidence 29.3): The authors of Charter 77 were inspired by

a sense of their own responsibility for the maintenance of human rights.

Who was the founder of the National Organization for Women?

Betty Friedan

How was the Tet Offensive, launched by the Vietcong in January 1968, perceived in the United States?

As a sign that the war was not close to ending

The neoliberal policies of the 1980s promoted which of the following?

Privatization of state-owned businesses

developed socialism

A term used by Communist leaders to describe the socialist accomplishments of their societies, such as nationalized industry, collective agriculture, and extensive social welfare programs.

Some scholars conclude that owing to European population declines, Europeans need to

recognize that Europe needs and should welcome talented newcomers.