Promoting Health in Australia

HHD - U3AOS2

old public health

refers to the goverments actions that foccused on changing the physical enviorment to prevent spread of disease. - focusses on improving hygiene,sanitation, and enviormental health as a result of - infectious diseases causing ill health and mortality at the time.

biomedical approach to health

focusses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. its a medical model practiced by doctors and health professionals and its associated with diagnosis and care of disease. (referred as the bandaid approach to healthcare as it treats the illness,injury or disease but doesn't look at the root cause. ( aims to return patients back to pre ilness health).

strengths weakness

strengths: life expectency extended and quality of life improved, leads to significant advances in medical tech and research. WEAKNESSES: fix it approach doesnt promote good health, relies on costly medical technology and practioners

new public health

started in 1980's its approach identifies that there are a number of physical,enviormental, and sociocultural factors that can impact health. (the aim is to prevent illness,disease and injury from occuring by modifying the risk factors.

what its about

its about health promotion and is foccused at the population level, as opposed to the individual

social model of health

is an approach to healthcare that recognises that improvements in health and wellbeing can only be achieved by directing effort towards adressing the physical,socio-cultural and enviormental factors of health that have a impact on individuals and population groups.

strengths and weaknesses

aimed at a population level- therfore more cost effective. encourages good health through disease-prevention. WEAKNESSES: health messages may be ingnored, not all conditions can be prevented for e.g genetic conditions)

3.2.1 ottawa charter

bad = building health public policy

(laws and regulations) building healthy public polices refer to decisions, laws and policies made by the government and organisations that affect health.

examples

mandatory pool fencing, no hat no play in kindergarden and primary schools

cats= creating supportive enviorments

is about making it easier for people to make healthy choices by providing a physical and social enivorment, that promotes health rather then detracts from it.

examples

councils installing shade cloths over playgrounds for sun protection. - bike paths and walking tracks

smell= strengthening community action

strenthing community action refers to involving many diffrent groups within the communtiy to walk towards a common goal for improving health. (e.g health promotion programs with a wide community involvement and a broad range of groups, goverment,educators,community groups.) working together their generally more successful.

examples

health promotion programs, with multi groups like goverment,educators,community groups.)

dead= devolping personal skills

devolping personal skills is about providing people with the skills they need to be able to take control of their health and make healthy choices. (education).

examples

educating students on vegtable and fruit intake. -educating school groups on dangers and risks of drink driving.

rats= reorienting health services

reorienting health services is about shifting the health system towards prevention, as opposed to focusing on a cure.

3.3.2

health promotion

Process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their own health.

population health

impacts on either dimension of health and wellbeing, or health status at a population level NOT individual level.

SMOKING

smoking kills roughly 15,000 australians per year. (it has significant social and ecenomic costs (ahib 2016)

long term impacts smoking

long term smokers are at a higher risk of devolping a range of potentially deadly diseases. cvd,heart attacks, strok, lung disease.

population focus (smoke)

if you live in a low ses area you are 3x as likely to smoke

- if your unemployed your 2x more likely

- indiginous australians are 2.5x more likely to smoke.

how health promo reflects through action areas of ottawa charter (smoking)

building healthy public policy - laws relating to banning smoking in public areas, tabacoo taxes and controlling advertising. - creative supportive enviorments- quit programs providing personalised counciling (quitline)

3.2.3 close the gap initiative

close the gap

current life expectency of first nation males is 71.9 years old while non indiginous are 80.6 years old. first nation FEMALES its 75.6 and for non indiginous its 83.8 years

6 main targets of close the gap

close the gap in life expectency within a year.

- halve the gap in mortality rates for first nation children under 5 within a decade.

- ensure all first nation four year olds in remote communites have access to early childhood education within five years.

- halve the gap first nation students in reading, writing, and numeracy within a decade.

- halve the gap for first nation students in year 12 attainment rates by 2020

- halve the gap employment outcomes between indiginous and non indiginous australians within a decade.

live longer campaign

it was established to help torres straight islanders and aborginal communites to get active eat nutritious foods and live healthier lives.

examples

get active, drink water, stop smoking get health checks, eat good tucker.

purple truck

the purple truck its a aborginal health orginisation in australia that provides dialysis treatment and support for people living with kidney failure paticularly those in remote communites. without the purple truck some aborginal and torres straight islander inviduals may never recieve healthcare as leaving there country is too distressful for themm

creating supportive enviorments purple trcuk

the purple truck provides oppourtunity for people to get regular treatment without moving away from their community. this is helping them practice healthy behaviours unfourtantely without the mobile dialysis some aboriginal and torres straight islanders would never recieve treatment as leaving their country is too distressful for them

develop personal skills (purple truck)

as the purple truck travels to paticular indiginous communites it also practices health promoting activites by providing health information for people about kidney disease/failure and the importance of reducing risk factors such as excessive alcohol consumption.

social justice

A concept that essentially works to ensure fair access to resources and opportunities, regardless of personal traits such as ethnicity, class, income and sex. human rights, equity, access, participation

human rights

treating all people fairly - ensuirng all people can particpate in cultural practicies without discrimination

equity

ensuirng additional support is given to those who need it

access

ensuirng provision of - culturally appropriate, healthcare services , food sources and education.

parptication

successful planning and implementation of health promotion programs requires involvement from the whole community.

3.2.4

adg1 (australian dietary guidlines)

to achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious foods and drinks to meet your energy needs.

adg2

enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods every day from the 5 food groups everyday.

adg3

limit intake of foods containing saturated fats, added salt, added sugar and alcohol

adg4

encourage, support and promote breastfeeding.

adg5

care for your food prepare and store it safely.

ADG strength and limitations

strengths: including serving amounts and serving sizes DISADVANTAGE: written format requires a high level of health literacy to understand.

guide to healthy eating strengths and weaknesses

accesible for all as a visual tool DISADVANATGE: potential to misunderstand of how much to eat from each food group.

3.2.5 sociocultural factors that challange nutritional change

the social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live , work and age

food security

people living with lower income often rely on cheaper, processed foods compared to those with a higher income who have more choice in relation to more costly fresh, nutritionally dense foods. also more likely to live in outer suburbs where theres a greater number of processed food outlets mcodnalds,kfc

knowledge

those with lower levels of education are more liekly to consume energy dense foods, processed foods. due to their lack of nutritonal knowledge. (lack of education and nutritional knowledge can also impact on a persons ability to cook a variety of nutritionally adequte food.

time constraints

family commitments such as full time, work. childcare arrangements, and childrens, sporting commitments can often lead a family or individual to have little time aviliable which can be spent on preaparing food.

commerical factors

food marketing

the influence of social media has chnaged the way food has been marketed, social media platforms such as instagram are at times falls with visually appealing, foods that are very high in calories.

enviormental factors

- how for away from a supermarket do you live?

-how hard is it to access fresh produce?

-do you travel pasts lots of fast-foods outlets every day on your way to school or work.

3.2.6

medicare

· Universal health insurance scheme, Available to all Australian permanent residents/citizens Ensures all can access basic health care.

medicare levy surcharge

high income earners without health insurance pay an extra amount 1-1.5 precent approx

medicare levy

most taxpayers pay an additional % of their income approx 2 precent

medicare whats covered and not covered

eye tests, xrays , blood tests NOT COVERED: most dental exams and treatments, ambulence services, health aids, hearing aids

medicare safety net

aims to protect those who have a heavy reliance on medical services from high out of pocket expenses.

advan and disadvantage medicare

available to all australian citizens, basic health tests and treatments provided at little to no cost, DISADVAN: doesnt cover alternative treatments, theres a waiting list for many non-emergency treatments.

medicare- sustainability

Co payments and safety nets are increased to assist funding, Not every service is subsidised through Medicare (only those medically necessary), Example of the Biomedical model of health.

medicare- access

Aims to remove the barrier of income by subsidising costs, Available to all Australian residents/citizens

medicare - funding

Funded by the federal government, General taxation through income tax revenue.

medicare- equity

Bulk billing services allowing low income/pensioners access, Low-income earners are also exempt from paying the Medicare levies.

PBS - Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme

Allows Medicare holders access to over 4000 common prescription medications at a significantly reduced costs, Began in 1948

pbs - sustainability

Co payments and safety nets are increased to assist funding, Not every medication is listed on the PBS

pbs- access

Removes income as a barrier, Available to all Australian citizens

pbs funding

funded through commonwealth goverment through taxes

pbs equity

PBS safety net and concession pricing are examples on how to keep costs equitable, Reduction of costs allowing low income/pensioners access to medication

NDIS NATIONAL DISABILITY INSURANCE SCHEME

Provides support to people with disability, their families and carers, Individualised packages of support to eligible people with disability. ( o Access services such as health, housing and education

o Access to community services such as sporting clubs and libraries

NDIS Eligibility Requirements:

· NDIS Eligibility Requirements:

o Aged under 65

o Living in Australia

o Have a significant, permanent disability that impacts daily life

ndis - sustainbility

Medicare levy was increased to help fund NDIS in the long term

ndis - access

Aims to ensure all eligible are able to access services and supports

ndis - funding

Funded by the Commonwealth Government through taxes

o Medicare Levy

ndis- equity

· Aims to ensure that those people in the community with disability as well as their carers can access support

· It isn't income tested, provides fair access to all people who are eligible

private health insurance

· Optional health insurance

· Coverage for health services not covered by Medicare

o Personal circumstances (age, gender, occupation, current health conditions)

o Types of insurance (hospital only, hospital and extras, extras only)

Aim is to take the pressure off Medicare and the public system

advantage vs disadvantage

may allow access to private rooms in the hosptial , allows patients to choose their doctor in the hosptial (public or private) allows choice of hosptial. DISADVANTAGE: premiums can be costly, depending on the type of cover, and treating doctor, there may still be out of pocket costs.

private health insurance - sustainability

·Assists the public health care system, by taking the pressure off Medicare

o People can then be treated faster

Incentive schemes

private health insurance - access

· Allows for people to have greater access to health care services that are not covered by Medicare

private health insurance - funding

· Funded by individuals through the premiums that they pay

private health insurance - equity

People who earn lower income are entitled to a higher rebate on the cost of their premium , · The Lifetime health cover loading is waived for those people over the age of 65 and who take out private health insurance.