Unit 2 KC's

Spanish efforts to extract wealth from the land led them to develop institutions based on subjugating native populations, converting them to Christianity, and incorporation them, along with enslaved and free Africans, into the Spanish colonial society.

Repartimiento system, Bartolome de las Casas, and Pizzaro

Pizzaro

was a Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that conquered the Inca Empire, capturing their leader, Atahualpa, and facilitating European colonization in South America 1523

Bartolome de las Casas

A Spanish Dominican friar and missionary who advocated for the rights of indigenous peoples and opposed their enslavement in the Americas, and created the Black Legend

Repartimiento system

A labor system instituted by the Spanish crown that forced indigenous people to work on farms and in mines, often resulting in abuse and harsh conditions.

French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and relied on trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to build economic and diplomatic relationships and acquires furs and other products for export to Europe.

Jesuit Missionaries and Iroquois alliance

Iroquois alliance

A strategic partnership between the Iroquois Confederacy and French and Dutch colonists, fostering trade and mutual support against rival tribes and European powers.

Jesuit Missionaries

were members of the Society of Jesus, a Catholic religious order founded in the 16th century, known for their role in missionary work and establishing educational institutions, particularly in North America.

The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco a labor-intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured
servants and later by enslaved Africans.

Bacon’s rebellion (1676) and Frethorne

Bacon’s rebellion (1676)

was an armed rebellion in Virginia that highlighted tensions between former indentured servants and the colonial elite. It was led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley's administration.

Frethorne

was an indentured servant who wrote letters describing the hardships of colonial life in Virginia. His accounts highlight the struggles faced by laborers and the harsh conditions in the early American colonies.

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The New England colonies, initially settled by Puritans, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.

John Winthrop’s City on a hill speech and Roger Williams

Roger Williams

was a Puritan minister and founder of Rhode Island, advocating for religious freedom and the separation of church and state. He challenged the theocracy of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, leading to the establishment of a more tolerant society.

John Winthrop’s City on a hill speech

emphasized the idea of the Massachusetts Bay Colony as a model community for others to emulate, highlighting values of religious freedom, community, and moral responsibility.

The middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops and attracted a broad range of European migrants, leading to societies with greater cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity and tolerance.

Pennsylvania’s Ethnic Diversity and Bread Basket Colonies

Bread Basket Colonies

The nickname for the middle colonies( New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware), which were known for producing large quantities of grains such as wheat, barley, and oats, supporting a robust agricultural economy.

Pennsylvania’s Ethnic Diversity

refers to the variety of cultural and ethnic groups, including Quakers, German, and Dutch settlers, that contributed to the social fabric and economic growth of Pennsylvania during the colonial period.

The colonies of the southernmost Atlantic coast and the British West Indies used long growing seasons to develop plantation economies based on exporting staple crops. They depended on the labor of enslaved Africans, who often constituted the majority of the population in these areas and developed their own forms of cultural and religious autonomy.

Rice as cash crop in Georgia and Carolinas’, Sugar cash crop in Barbados, Gullah

Gullah

A unique African American culture and language that developed among enslaved Africans in the coastal regions of the Carolinas and Georgia, influenced by West African traditions.

Sugar cash crop in Barbados

Sugar was the primary cash crop grown in Barbados, significantly contributing to its economy and reliance on enslaved labor.

Rice as cash crop in Georgia and Carolinas’

The cultivation of rice in the Georgia and Carolinas regions became an economically significant practice during colonial times, heavily relying on enslaved African labor for its production.

Distance and Britain's initially lax attention led to the colonies creating self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era. The New England colonies based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures; in the Southern colonies, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies.

Mayflower Compact (1620), Massachusetts general court, House of Burgesses in Virginia Colony (1619), and Maryland Toleration act (1649)

Maryland Toleration act (1649)

Legislation granting religious freedom to Christians in Maryland, ensuring the protection of the rights of Catholics and Protestants.

House of Burgesses in Virginia Colony (1619)

the first elected representative legislative assembly in British North America

Massachusetts general court

A legislative assembly established in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, which played a crucial role in the governance of the colony, allowing for elected representation and lawmaking.

Mayflower Compact (1620)

A foundational document for self-governance in Plymouth Colony, establishing a framework for political organization and majority rule among settlers.

Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. RI

Read it

An Atlantic Economy developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and American Indians, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through extensive trade networks. European colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor.

Molasses triangle trade with North America, Africa, and West Indies; and Favorable balance of trade with the Motherland (England)

Favorable balance of trade with the Motherland

implies that a country exports more goods than it imports, resulting in a net positive economic advantage for the colonial powers.

Molasses triangle trade with North America, Africa, and West Indies

a profitable 17th-19th century system where New England merchants sent rum to Africa for enslaved people, who were transported to the West Indies to produce more molasses.

Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes and spreading epidemic diseases that caused radical demographic shifts. 

small pox and beaver fur trade

beaver fur trade

Economic exchange involving beaver pelts, significant in North American colonial trade, especially between Native Americans and European settlers.

small pox

a contagious viral disease that caused severe illness and was responsible for numerous deaths among American Indian populations due to lack of prior exposure.

Interactions between European rivals and American Indian populations fostered both accommodation and conflict. French, Dutch, British, and Spanish colonies, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies.

King Williams War and Beaver War of 1600s

Beaver War of 1600s

Conflict between Iroquois tribes, backed by Dutch/English arms, fought French-allied tribes (Huron, Algonquin) for control over the lucrative fur trade

King Williams War

A conflict between French and British forces in North America, part of the larger Nine Years' War in Europe, that involved various Native American tribes siding with both European powers. It was marked by territorial battles and shifts in alliances.

The goals and interests of European leaders and colonists at times diverged, leading to a growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic. Colonists, especially in British North America, expressed dissatisfaction over issues including territorial settlements, frontier defense, self-rule, and trade.

Navigation acts and Revocation of Massachusetts’s Charter

Revocation of Massachusetts’s Charter

The act in 1684 by the English crown that revoked the self-governing charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, leading to increased control by the monarchy and growing tensions between colonists and British authorities.

Navigation acts

1651, passed by Oliver Cromwell's Parliament, mandated that all goods imported into England and its colonies be transported on English ships with majority-English crews. Aimed at breaking the Dutch monopoly on shipping, this mercantilist policy forced colonies to trade primarily with England,

British conflicts with American Indians over land, resources, and political boundaries led to military confrontations, such as Metacom's War (King Philip's War) in New England.

Angelo Powhatan Wars and Metacom’s war

Metacom’s war

A conflict between Native American tribes, led by King Philip, and English settlers in New England from 1675 to 1676. It was fueled by tensions over land encroachment and resulted in significant casualties and destruction for both sides.

Angelo Powhatan Wars

Series of conflicts between English colonists and the Powhatan Confederacy in Virginia, primarily over land and resources. These wars led to significant loss of life and territory for the Native Americans.

American Indian resistance to Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, led to Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest.

Pueblo Revolt and Caste system

Caste system

A hierarchical social structure established by the Spanish in colonial Latin America, dividing society into classes based on race, ethnicity, and occupation.

Pueblo Revolt

An uprising by Pueblo Indians against Spanish colonization in 1680, aimed at expelling Spanish settlers and restoring their traditional cultural practices. It successfully resulted in the temporary halt of Spanish authority in New Mexico.

The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. RI

read it

Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another. RI

read it

The presence of different European religious and ethnic groups contributed to a significant degree of pluralism and intellectual exchange, which were later enhanced by the First Great Awakening and the spread of European Enlightenment Ideas.

Quakers, John Locke, and George Whitfield teachings

George Whitfield teachings

emphasized emotional conversion, personal faith, and the importance of evangelism in the Christian faith

John Locke

an influential philosopher known for his ideas on natural rights and government, which inspired Enlightenment thinking and American political theory.

Quakers

A religious group known for their pacifism, social equality, and commitment to simplicity in worship. They played a significant role in the abolitionist movement and promoted women's rights.

The British colonies experienced a gradual Anglicization over time, developing autonomous political communities based on English models with influence from inter-colonial commercial ties, the emergence of a trans-Atlantic print culture, and the spread of Protestant evangelicalism.

Anglicization, and Trial of Peter Zenger

Trial of Peter Zenger

1733–1734, German born printer published articles accusing Governor Cosby of corruption, tyranny, and tampering with justice and jailed for roughly 10 months

Anglicization

The process by which the British colonies adopted English cultural norms, practices, and political institutions, leading to a distinct colonial identity that mirrored aspects of English society.

The British government increasingly attempted to incorporate its North American colonies into a coherent, hierarchical, and imperial structure in order to pursue mercantilist economic aims, but conflicts with colonists and American Indians led to erratic enforcement of imperial policies.

Salutary Neglect and Dominion of New England

Dominion of New England

A short-lived administrative union of English colonies in the New England region, created in 1686 by King James II to consolidate colonial governance and tighten control over colonial administration.

Salutary Neglect

A British policy that allowed colonies to operate with a degree of autonomy, leading to economic growth and self-governing practices while minimizing direct control.

Colonists' resistance to imperial control drew oh local experiences of self-government, evolving ideas of liberty, the political thought of the Enlightenment, greater religious independence and diversity, and an ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system.

Wide spread smuggling, J. Edwards, and First Great Awakening

First Great Awakening

A religious revival movement in the American colonies during the early 18th century that emphasized personal piety and a direct relationship with God, marking a significant shift in American religious life.

J. Edwards

A prominent preacher during the First Great Awakening, Jonathan Edwards emphasized personal religious experience and the need for personal conversion, influencing the development of American evangelicalism.

Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies. IR

Read It

All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand for colonial goods. as well as a shortage of indentured servants. Small New England farms used relatively few enslaved laborers, all port cities held significant minorities of enslaved people, and the emerging plantation systems of the Chesapeake and the southernmost Atlantic coast had large numbers of enslaved workers, while the great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the West Indies.

New England farms/slavery in the North, and Farming plantation systems of Carolinas

Farming plantation systems of Carolinas

large, specialized agricultural estates, particularly in the Lowcountry, that drove the colonial economy through massive production of cash crops like rice and cotton. Relying on enslaved African labor, these plantations functioned as self-reliant, hierarchical units.

North Slavery rights and Chesapeake slaves right

As chattel slavery became the dominant labor system in many southern colonies, new laws created a strict racial system that prohibited interracial relationships and defined the descendants of African American mothers as black and enslaved in perpetuity.

Chesapeake slaves rights

rights for Africans were fluid, with some holding property, marrying, or earning freedom, similar to indentured servants. However, by the late 1600s, laws stripped these rights, creating permanent, hereditary slavery, particularly after 1660s laws solidified racial, life-long bondage rather than temporary servitude.

North Slavery rights

Northern colonies legally stripped Africans of rights and defined them as property

Maroon’s war on Brits, and faking things to get our of work

Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing aspects of slavery and maintain their family and gender systems, culture, and religion. 

Faking sick, breaking tools, not being able to work.. etc

remember how that backfired tho

What were things slaves faked to use as covert operations of resistance?

maroon’s war on Brits

was a series of conflicts between escaped slaves in Jamaica against British colonial forces. These uprisings aimed to establish autonomy and resist the institution of slavery, fought till freedom recognized yet did little to help their treatment overall… worse than animals.