RAD 141 Chapter 1 & 2 Quiz

D: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

Consequences of ionization in human cells include:
1. creation of unstable atoms.
2. production of free electrons.
3. creation of highly reactive free radicals capable of producing substances poisonous to the cell.
4. creation of new biologic molecules detrimental to the living cell.
5. injury to the cell that may manifest itself as abnormal function or loss of function.

 

A: 1, 2, and 3 only

B: 2, 3, and 4 only 

C: 3, 4, and 5 only

D: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

A: Ionizing radiation

Which of the following is a form of radiation that is capable of creating electrically charged particles by removing orbital electrons from the atom of normal matter through which it passes?

 

A: Ionizing radiation

B: Nonionizing radiation

C: Subatomic radiation

D: Ultrasonic radiation

D: suppress any radiation phobia and be willing to assume a small chance of possible biologic damage.

Regarding exposure to ionizing radiation, patients who are educated to understand the medical benefit of an imaging procedure are more likely to:

 

A: assume a small chance of biologic damage but not suppress any radiation phobia they may have.

B: cancel their scheduled procedure because they are not willing to assume a small chance of biologic damage.

C: suppress any radiation phobia but not risk a small chance of possible biologic damage.

D: suppress any radiation phobia and be willing to assume a small chance of possible biologic damage.

C: 1/1000 of a sievert.

The millisievert (mSv) is equal to:

 

A: 1/10 of a sievert.

B: 1/100 of a sievert.

C: 1/1000 of a sievert.

D: 1/10,000 of a sievert.

D: 1, 2, and 3

The advantages of the BERT method are:
1. it does not imply radiation risk; it is simply a means for comparison.
2. it emphasizes that radiation is an innate part of our environment.
3. it provides an answer that is easy for the patient to comprehend.

 

A: 1 and 2 only

B: 1 and 3 only

C: 2 and 3 only

D: 1, 2, and 3

A: respond by using an estimation based on the comparison of radiation received from the x-ray to natural background radiation received.

If a patient asks a radiographer a question about how much radiation he or she will receive from a specific x-ray procedure, the radiographer can:

 

A: respond by using an estimation based on the comparison of radiation received from the x-ray to natural background radiation received.

B: avoid the patient’s question by changing the subject.

C: tell the patient that it is unethical to discuss such concerns.

D: refuse to answer the question and recommend that he or she speak with the referring physician.

C: Because radiation-induced cancer does not appear to have a dose level below which individuals would have no chance of developing this disease.

Why should the selection of technical exposure factors for all medical imaging procedures always follow ALARA?

 

A: So that referring physicians ordering imaging procedures do not have to accept responsibility for patient radiation safety.

B: So that radiographers and radiologists do not have to accept responsibility for patient radiation safety.

C: Because radiation-induced cancer does not appear to have a dose level below which individuals would have no chance of developing this disease.

D: Because radiation-induced cancer does have a dose level at which individuals would have a chance of developing this disease.

D: 1, 2, and 3

The cardinal principles of radiation protection include which of the following?
1. Time
2. Distance
3. Shielding

 

A: 1 only

B: 2 only

C: 3 only

D: 1, 2, and 3

C: Radiation Safety Officer

In a hospital setting, which of the following professionals is expressly charged by the hospital administration with being directly responsible for the execution, enforcement, and maintenance of the ALARA program?

 

A: Assistant administrator of the facility

B: Chief of staff

C: Radiation Safety Officer

D: Student radiologic technologist

A: 1 and 2 only

Why is a question concerning the amount of radiation a patient will receive during a specific x-ray procedure difficult to answer?
1. Because the received dose is specified in a number of different units of measure
2. Because the scientific units for radiation dose are normally not comprehensible by a patient
3. Because the patient should not receive any information about radiation dose

 

A: 1 and 2 only

B: 1 and 3 only

C: 2 and 3 only

D: 1, 2, and 3

B: Ionizing

X-rays are a form of which of the following kinds of radiation?

 

A: Environmental

B: Ionizing

C: Internal

D: Nonionizing

A: Coulomb per kilogram

What unit is used to measure radiation exposure in the metric International System of Units?

 

A: Coulomb per kilogram

B: Milligray

C: Millisievert

D: Sievert

B: Ensuring safe and high-quality pediatric imaging on a global scale.

What is the primary goal of the Image Gently Alliance?

 

A: Increase imaging procedures ordered on pediatric patients.

B: Ensuring safe and high-quality pediatric imaging on a global scale.

C: Train physicians to order babygrams to include more anatomy on one image instead of multiple images. 

D: To prevent ordering exams on pediatric patients. 

C: Diagnostic efficacy

Which of the following provides the basis for determining whether an imaging procedure or practice is justified?

 

A: ALARA concept

B: BERT method

C: Diagnostic efficacy

D: NEXT program

B: BERT

Which of the following is a method of explaining radiation to the public?

 

A: ALARA

B: BERT

C: ORP

D: NEXT

B: Provide data on radiation measurements of x-ray machines

The purpose of the Nationwide Evaluation of X-ray Trends (NEXT) project is to:

 

A: Increase radiation exposure

B: Provide data on radiation measurements of x-ray machines

C: Eliminate the need for repeats by moving to the NEXT image regardless of image quality.

D: Train doctors to use images NEXT after using lab results as a first method of diagnosis.

C: milligray (mGy)

Absorbed dose is measured in __________. 

 

A: coulomb per kilogram (C/kg)

B: millisievert (mSv)

C: milligray (mGy)

D: milliroentgens (mR)

B: Effective dose

Which of the following radiation quantities is intended to be the best overall measure of the biologic effects of ionizing radiation?

 

A: Exposure

B: Effective dose

C: Absorbed dose

D: There is no radiation quantity that is intended to be the best overall measure of the biologic effects of ionizing radiation.

A: greater than the risk involved.

Typically, people are more willing to accept a risk if they perceive that the potential benefit to be obtained is:

 

A: greater than the risk involved.

B: equal to the risk involved.

C: less than the risk involved.

D: typically, people are not willing to accept risk no matter how great the benefit may be.

A: It appears that no safe dose level exists for radiation-induced malignant disease.

Which of the following statements below is true?

 

A: It appears that no safe dose level exists for radiation-induced malignant disease.

B: The ALARA principle establishes a dose level for radiation-induced malignancy.

C: The BERT method establishes a dose level for radiation-induced malignancy.

D: The NEXT program and reference values establish a dose level for radiation-induced malignancy.

D: regulatory agencies.

The ALARA principle provides a method for comparing the amount of radiation used in various health care facilities in a particular area for specific imaging procedures. This information may be helpful to many:

 

A: accrediting bodies.

B: advisory groups.

C: radiation standards organizations.

D: regulatory agencies.

D: optimization for radiation protection (ORP).

The term as low as reasonable achievable (ALARA) is synonymous with the term:

 

A: background equivalent radiation time (BERT).

B: equivalent dose (EqD).

C: diagnostic efficacy.

D: optimization for radiation protection (ORP).

D: 1, 2, 3, and 4

Diagnostic efficacy includes:
1. determining if an imaging procedure is justified.
2. obtaining images with minimal radiation exposure.
3. adhering to radiation safety guidelines.
4. revealing the presence or absence of disease in a patient.

 

A: 1, 2, and 3 only

B: 1, 2, and 4 only

C: 2, 3, and 4 only

D: 1, 2, 3, and 4

D: 1, 2, 3, and 4

Which of the following are required by The Joint Commission for CT?
1. Annual education of staff in dose reduction techniques
2. Minimum qualifications for medical physicists
3. Documentation of CT radiation doses
4. Management of CT protocols to minimize radiation dose

 

A: 1 and 2 only

B: 1 and 3 only

C: 2 and 4 only

D: 1, 2, 3, and 4

D: 1, 2, 3, and 4

What are ways AI is being utilized in medical imaging?

1. Second Reads 

2. Quantitative Analysis 

3. Image Reconstruction 

4. Training and Education 

 

A: 1, 2 and 4 only

B: 1 and 3 only

C: 2, 3, and 4 only

D: 1, 2, 3, and 4

B: enhanced natural sources.

If ionizing radiation from natural sources grows larger because of accidental or deliberate human actions such as mining radioactive elements, the sources are termed:

 

A: artificial sources.

B: enhanced natural sources.

C: extraterrestrial sources.

D: manmade sources.

C: wave-particle duality.

Electromagnetic radiation travels or propagates through space in the form of a wave but can interact with matter as a particle of energy called a photon. This dual nature is referred to as:

 

A: wave attenuation capability.

B: wave-particle interchange ability.

C: wave-particle duality.

D: wave-particle phenomena.

A: 0.08, 1

According to the World Nuclear Association, the average radiation dose to people living within 10 miles of the Three Mile Island Unit 2 was ___ mSv, with no more than ___ mSv to any single individual. 

 

A: 0.08, 1

B: 0.10, 5

C: 0.5, 4

D: 0.80, 1

A: Long-lived radioactive elements such as uranium-238, radium-226, and thorium-232 that are present in variable quantities in the crust of the earth

Terrestrial radiation includes which of the following sources?

 

A: Long-lived radioactive elements such as uranium-238, radium-226, and thorium-232 that are present in variable quantities in the crust of the earth

B: Radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons tests in which detonation occurred above ground

C: The sun and beyond the solar system

D: Airport surveillance systems and electron microscopes

D: 4 pCi/L.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends that action be taken to reduce elevated levels of radon in homes to a concentration less than:

 

A: 200 pCi/L.

B: 135 pCi/L.

C: 47 pCi/L.

D: 4 pCi/L.

D: Solar and galactic

Cosmic radiation occurs in which two forms?

 

A: Solar and manmade

B: Artificial and galactic

C: Natural background and artificial

D: Solar and galactic

D: negligible.

As a result of technologic advances since the 1970s and strict regulations imposed within the United States by the FDA regarding consumer products containing radioactive material, the radiation exposure of the general public from such produces may now be considered

 

A: substantial.

B: moderate.

C: very slight.

D: negligible.

D: 1, 2, and 3

Through which of the following routes can radon enter houses?
1. Crawl spaces under living areas
2. Floor drains and sump pumps
3. Porous cement block foundations

 

A: 1 and 2 only

B: 1 and 3 only

C: 2 and 3 only

D: 1, 2, and 3

C: The Sarcophagus 

What is the name of the concrete shelter that was constructed to cover the remains of reactor 4 at Chernobyl?

 

A: The Box

B: The Dome 

C: The Sarcophagus 

D: The Containment Device  

D: Smokers

When exposed to high radon levels in the home, which of the following groups of people have the highest risk of developing lung cancer?

 

A: Teenagers

B: Adults from 20 to 30 years of age

C: Nonsmokers

D: Smokers

C: Atmosphere and magnetic field of the Earth

Which of the following helps shield the global population from exposure to essentially all high-energy, bombarding cosmic rays?

 

A: Clouds

B: Fog

C: Atmosphere and magnetic field of the Earth

D: Smog

C: Radon exposure

Which of the following is considered by the EPA to be the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States?

 

A: Annual PA and lateral chest radiographic images

B: Cosmic ray exposure

C: Radon exposure

D: A fluoroscopic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract

D: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

Which of the following are forms of electromagnetic radiation?
1. Microwaves
2. Visible light
3. X-rays
4. Gamma rays
5. Ultraviolet radiation

 

A: 1, 2, and 3 only

B: 2, 3, and 4 only

C: 3, 4, and 5 only

D: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

C: Millisievert

What is the most common unit of measure of equivalent dose?

 

A: Coulomb per kilogram

B: Milligray

C: Millisievert

D: Microsievert

D: shorter wavelengths and higher energies.

In the electromagnetic spectrum, higher frequencies are associated with:

 

A: longer wavelengths and lower energies.

B: longer wavelengths and higher energies.

C: shorter wavelengths and lower energies.

D: shorter wavelengths and higher energies.

A: 1 only

Which of the following radiation quantities use the same unit of measure?
1. Effective dose and equivalent dose
2. Exposure and effective dose
3. Absorbed dose and equivalent dose

 

A: 1 only

B: 2 only

C: 3 only

D: 1, 2, and 3

B: 0.005 to 0.01 mSv/hr.

A flight on a typical commercial airliner results in an equivalent dose rate of:

 

A: 0.001 to 0.005 mSv/hr.

B: 0.005 to 0.01 mSv/hr.

C: 0.02 to 0.04 mSv/hr.

D: 0.05 to 0.09 mSv/hr.

B: radon.

The first decay product of radium is:

 

A: cesium.

B: radon.

C: strontium.

D: x-ray.

A: only a small portion of 0.1 mSv to the equivalent dose of each person.

When spread over the inhabitants of the United States, fallout from nuclear weapons tests and other environmental sources along with other manmade radiations contributes:

 

A: only a small portion of 0.1 mSv to the equivalent dose of each person.

B: a dose of approximately 1.5 mSv to the equivalent dose of each person.

C: a dose of approximately 3.2 mSv to the equivalent dose of each person.

D: a dose of approximately 6.3 mSv to the equivalent dose of each person.

C: 5.5 mSv

What is the total average annual radiation equivalent dose for estimated levels of radiation exposure for humans?

 

A: 2.0 mSv

B: 3.2 mSv

C: 5.5 mSv

D: 9.6 mSv

B: four times the mass of a hydrogen atom and a positive charge twice that of an electron.

The mass of an alpha particle is approximately:

 

A: two times the mass of a hydrogen atom and a negative charge of minus 2.

B: four times the mass of a hydrogen atom and a positive charge twice that of an electron.

C: six times the mass of a hydrogen atom and a negative charge of minus 1.

D: eight times the mass of a hydrogen atom and a positive charge four times that of an electron.

A: 1 & 3

Which of the following are the two linked primary subcomponents of AI?

1. Machine Learning 

2. Reference Values 

3. Deep Learning 

  

A: 1 & 3

B: 2 & 3

C: 1 & 2

D: None of the above combinations

B: 1 and 3 only

Which of the following sources of radiation is manmade?
1. Atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons testing
2. Cosmic radiation from the sun and beyond the solar system
3. Nuclear power plant accidents as a consequence of natural disasters

 

A: 1 and 2 only

B: 1 and 3 only

C: 2 and 3 only

D: 1, 2, and 3

D: 1, 2, and 3

The Image Gently Alliance advocates lowering patient dose by:

1. "child sizing" the kV and mA settings 

2. scanning only the indicated area 

3. removing multiphase scans from pediatric protocols 

 

A: 1 & 2 only

B: 1 & 3 only

C: 2 & 3 only

D: 1, 2, and 3

B: Natural

Of the two sources of ionizing radiation listed below, which source remains fairly constant from year to year?

 

A: Manmade

B: Natural