UNIT 5

Half of the calories that humans consume come from a combination of all the following except

soybean

A single type crop is generally grown in

monoculture

Which of the following is a type of subsistence agriculture

shifting cultivation on small plots in tropical forest

On your farmland in the Blue Ridge Mountains, you alternate rows of fast growing kenaf with apple trees. Your work is an example of ___

agroforestry

Marasmus is

a result of lack of calories and protein

intergrated pest management ____ than pesticides

requires more expert knowledge about individual pest-crop situations.

An orange grower sprays a pesticide over the orchard to eradicate a worm eating the oranges. The next day, many dead honeybees are found throughout the orchard. This pesticide was probably

A broad spectrum pesticide

Changing the genetic structure of an organism to improve desirable traits is known as

genetic engineering

Research indicates that genetically modified crops can influence an enviorment’s ______ by competing with or reproducing with native crops

biodiversity

Which of the following is a major enviormental impact of livestock production

water pollutions

What is the general relationship between meat consumption and affluence

More affulent nations tend to consume more meat products

Which is directly associated with irrigation?

Waterlogging and salinization

Which is NOT a negative impact of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs)?

More land used than in other types of animal farming.

Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of free-range meat stock

Less land used than traditonal methods

For organic farmers to make a profit

consumers must be willing to pay higher costs associated with organic produce

Pytherum is a pesticide derived from

chrysanthemums

Intergrated pesticide managment (IPM could be promoted by all of the following except

gradually phasing in subsidies for farmers who depend primarily on pesticides

IPM

When you take actions to keep pests from becoming a problem, such as by growing a healthy crop that can withstand pest attacks, using disease-resistant plants, or caulking cracks to keep insects or rodents from entering a building.

The big three produces (non meat)

Wheat, Rice and corn

The big three produces (Meat)

beef, chicken and pork (also milk, eggs and cheese)

CAFO (concentrated animal feeding)

operations where animals are kept in confined spaces for produce.

Crop rotation

the practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area across a sequence of growing seasons.

Organic Fertilizer

a fertilizer that is derived from organic sources, including organic compost, cattle manures, poultry droppings and domestic sewage.

Synthetic Fertilizers

made from human-made compounds like ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, and potassium sulphate.

Fishery collapse

When a harvestable species (usually fish) see their population or harvest rate drop to less than 10% of the original figure.

Food security

the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food.

Food insecurity

the condition of not having access to sufficient food, or food of an adequate quality, to meet one's basic needs.

Furrow irrigation

Trench dug along crops and filled with water

Drip irrigation

Holes in hose allow water to slowly drip out

Flood Irrigation

Flood entire field; easier but more disruptive to plants

Spray irrigation

Ground or surface water pumped into spray nozzles.

Green Manure

fast growing plants grown to cover bare soil

Green revoloution

a period of technology transfer initiatives that saw greatly increased crop yields.

Industrial agriculture

the large-scale, intensive production of crops and animals, often involving chemical fertilizers on crops or the routine, harmful use of antibiotics in animals

intercropping

the practice of growing two or more crops in close proximity

Mechanization

the introduction of machines or automatic devices into a process, activity, or place.

No-till agriculture

an agricultural technique for growing crops or pasture without disturbing the soil through tillage.

Perennial/ Annual Crops

Perennial plants regrow every spring, while annual plants live for only one growing season, then die off.

Rangeland

uncultivated grasslands, shrublands, woodlands, wetlands, and savannas that are suitable for grazing and browsing domestic and wild animals.

Rotational grazing

system where a large pasture is divided into smaller paddocks allowing livestock to be moved from one paddock to the other easily

Shifting Agriculture

a plot of land is cleared and cultivated for a short period of time; then it is abandoned and allowed to revert to its natural vegetation while the cultivator moves on to another plot.

Strip Cropping

cultivation in which different crops are sown in alternate strips to prevent soil erosion

Tilling

the agricultural preparation of soil by mechanical agitation of various types, such as digging, stirring, and overturning.

Windbreaks

a planting usually made up of one or more rows of trees or shrubs planted in such a manner as to provide shelter from the wind and to protect soil from erosion.

Old Growth

Virgin (uncut) forests or regenerated forests untouched for several hundred years (22% of the world)

Secondary Growth

forests that result from secondary ecological succession after cutting (66% of the world)

effects of deforestation

decreased soil fertility, run-off of eroded soil into aquatic ecosystems, premature extinction of species, regional climate change, release of c02 into atmosphere, acceleration of flooding

Even Aged

trees in a given stand are maintained at the same age and size. Messes up the soil and forces the growers to move on to other plots of land.

Uneven Aged

A variety of tree species in a given stand is maintained at many ages and sizes to foster natural regeneration.

Logging roads

causes eroion, sedimentation of waterways, habitat fragmentation, exposes forests to exotic pests and non native species, opens forests to farmers, ranchers, off road vehicles, hunters and miners.

Selective Cutting

middle aged or mature trees are cut singly, selection reduces crowding, encourages growth of younger trees and allows for natural regeneration.

Clear cutting

cutting everything in single cut, then reforesting with monocultures. Fragments wildlife habitat and destroys ecological integrity. Destroys soil and leads to soil erosion.