GVPT 282: Final

This occurs when social scientists ignore a highly relevant theory, or when missing key variables distort the results (Such as only looking at geography or only culture for explaining underdevelopment)

What is the Single Factor Fallacy?

Like other explanations for persistent poverty, geography is not the sole reason; it _ with other key variables

intersects

This is the theory that a county’s physical geography - such as its climate, location, topography poses severe constraints on its level of economic development

What is the Geography Trap?

Jared Diamond argues that the roots of development are _ in nature: Which include the _ of diseases and connection between agicultural settlement and the _ of weapons

Geographic, burden, development

In opposition to Diamond, Acemoglu and Robinson emphasize _

The role of institutions

This refers to a systemic issue in many developing states where the economic development process is systematically biased against the countryside

What is the Urban Bias?

Urban Bias: Economic development is hampered by their _ location in urban areas, which are able to pressure governments to protect their interests. In other words, rural areas are poor because they are _ powerless

urban, politically

Geography is a factor in development, but it is _ deterministic

not

Geography matters because it relates to the natural _ a country has, its ability to _ in the global economy, susceptibility to _ spillover and refugees

resources, enegage, conflict

This type of state relies on taxation of the domestic economy for income

What is the Production State?

In the Production State: Taxpayers stay _ with government _ because they support them with taxes

involved, decisions

This type of state means that a government can embark on large public expenditures without restorting to taxation

What is the Allocation State?

Almost all rentier states are _ states

allocation

This is defined as an income that serves purely as a reward for ownership

What is “rent?”

Rent to a state means the _ accrued from the gift of _: oil, gold, and diamonds

income, nature

Rent to a state means that _ derives from external foreign buyers rather than _ production

revenue, domestic

This is when a country gets a large share of its national income from renting out its natural resources, especially oil and gas, rather than from taxes or productive economic activity

What is a rentier state?

In a rentier state, the economy relies on _ rent

external

In a Rentier State, only a _ fraction of the population is engaged in generating the rent, while the vast _ of society is engaged with the distribution of that wealth

small, majority

When the state is _, other actors may step in and try to take control of valuable _ resources

weak, natural

This occurs when armed leaders control territory by monopolizing access to valuable resources

What is Warlordism?

In Warlordism, they want to _ territory with _ resources and use funds to _ weapons

control, valuable, buy

This is an economic problem that happens when a country discovers or expands a booming natural resource sector, which causes its currency to risk

What is the Dutch Disease?

Dutch Disease : With too much _ on one sector, the economy is susceptible to booms and busts

dependence

This is a period when a country’s economy grows very fast , such as the disovery of oil or gases

What is an economic boom?

This is a period of sharp economic decline, often following a boom

What is an economic bust?

Natural resources can be a great source of _ for states, but it also creates _ for governance and economic stability

wealth, challenges

Rentier states often lead to patronage _, where wealth is distributed to the regime’s political supporters

politics

Rentier states are more likely to be _ and corrupt

authoritarian

Formulated by Paul Collier, this is the theory that violent internal conflicts trap nations in a perpetual state if poverty

What is the Conflict Trap?

This is an internal conflict that involves at least 1,000 combat-related deaths, with each side incurring at least 5% of those deaths

What is a civil war?

If an internal conflict incurs all of the deaths on one side it is considered a massacre or _

genocide.

73% of people in societies of the bottom billion have revently been through a _ war or are still in one

civil

This is an argument of civil war, suggesting people fight because they are frustrated with a repressive government

What is the Grievance agrument?

This is an argument of civil war, suggesting people fight for economic gain

What is the Greed argument?

These are natural resources or basic raw goods that a country exports before they are turned into manufactured products

What are primary commodity exports?

According to Collier, the causes of war are: _ income, _ growth, and _ on primary commodity exports

low, slow, dependence

Colliers Findings: War and coups keep low-income countries from _ and hence keeping them _ on PCE

growing, dependent

Colliers Findings: PCE make countries _ to wars and coups

vulnerable

Colliers Findings: Civil wars damages both the country itsel and its _

neighbors.

Colliers Recommendation for Civil War: Countries are ill-equipped to pull themselves out of the _ trap; therefore, external _ is needed

conflict, intervention

This is an approach that broadens and deepens security by shifting the focus from protecting states to protecting individuals and their well-being

What is the Human Security Paradigm?

Human Security Paradigm: _ refers to what the state should consider a threat [economic, environment, military, energy, food, water]

Broadening

Human Security Paradigm: _ refers to the shift in who or what is being secured [global, regional, state, societal, human]

Deepening

This is the global principle that states must protect their populations from mass atrocities, and if they fail, the international community has a responsibility to step in

What is the Responsibility to Protect (R2P)?

The R2P Doctrine main _ is to protect populations from human right violations

responsibility

1990s Humanitarian Intervention Failure: _ , U.S. assumed military might would automatically mean victory

Somalia

Criticisms of R2P: States fail to _ where there are national interests

intervene

1990s Humanitarian Intervention Failures: _, Intervention was too late

Rwanda

1990s Humanitarian Intervention Failures: _, Belief UN should be impartial

Bosnia

Aspects of the Human Security Paradigm: Freedom from _ (basic needs)

Want

Aspects of the Human Security Paradigm: Freedom from _ (safety from violence)

Fear

Aspects of the Human Security Paradigm: Freedom to live in _ (empowerment and rights)

dignity

Collier’s argument about the relationship between civil war and ethnic strife: Not much evidence between ethnic _ and proneness to _ war

diversity, civil

A measure of the probability that two randomly selected individuals will belong to different ethnolinguistic groups: Describing how diverse the society is

What is Ethnic Fractionalization?

This means how likely it is that two randomly chosen people in a country belong to different ethnicities and language groups?

What is Ethnolingustic Fractionalization?

This describes how sharply a society is divided into two or a few large ethnic groups that are roughly equal in size and politically opposed.

What is Ethnic Polarization?

Ethnic _ increases the risk of vivil war because it creates a situation where few ethnic groups, often two, are bige enough to compete for power, resources, and territory

polarization

Larger and more _ countries may experience governance challenges including diversity of _

divers, preferences

The references to the timing of different reforms. In particular, connecting to the question of which should come first for economic growth: poverty or democracy?

What is sequencing?

Property Rights, Investments, and State Autonomy are the three mechanisms linking _ type to _ growth

regime, economic

Property Rights and Economic Growth: _ protect property rights through the rule of law and accountability, which prevents leaders from exprorpriating wealth

Democracies

Property Rights and Economic Growth: _ can provide long-term guarantees because they do not have to deal with _ demands

Autocrats, voter

Investment and Economic Growth: _ offer stability through reliable election cycles and transitions of power, which majes FDI more secure

Democracies

Investment and Economic Growth: _ claim democracies only emphasize short-term consumption, _ looks at the future implications

Pro-Autocracy, dictators

The Three Mechanisms and Economic Growth: The bigger picture is that _ emphasize public opinion and that _ doesn’t, which means they can provide long-term goals

democracies, autocracies

Amartya Sen argues that _ is essential to economic _

democracy, growth

Sequencing and Democracy should come first: Elites inside and outside the country will develop an _ that only priotizes them

interest

Sequencing and Development should come first: Economic growth may lead to a growing middle class, which _ for political rights and protections _

demand, increase

Sen’s Mechanisms: Political freedoms and necessary for human capability and making informed choices

What are Direct/Intrinsic Mechanisms?

Sen’s Mechanisms: Democratic leaders have political incentives to listen to citizens’ needs in order to maintain stability and keep their job

What is Instrumental Mechanism?

Sen’s Mechanisms: Freedom allows citizens to express their values and demand they be addressed , which constructs development of society

What is Constructive Mechanism?

This is the abuse of public roles or resources for private benefit

What is Corruption?

This type of corruption focuses on the individual.

What is incidental corruption?

This type of corruption focuses on specific sectors (police department) but has not infected the entire society

What is institutional corruption?

This type of corruption is widespread throughout the entire society, which often traps underdeveloped countries in the “Bad Governance” trap

What is systemic corruption?

_ can happen everywhere; however, systemic corruption is more likely to be seen in _ countries

corruption, underdeveloped

Collier: The conditions most likely to help a failing state uproot corruption and achieve a turnaround is a _ population, high levels of _ education, and a recent _ from a civil war

large, secondary, emergence.

This is the economic process where citizens and investors rapidly move their money and financial assets out of a country, usually due to a lack of law enforcement, corruption, or instability

What is capital flight?

This was formulated by an 18th-century philosopher on the idea that population grows faster than the food supply.

What is the Malthusian Dilemma?

Sen and Famines: Famines can occur even without a _ in food production

declune

Sen and Famines: Famines are caused by a severe _ failure and _ inequality

governance, economic

Famines are most likely to occur in _ states

authoritarian states

Sen and Famines: The most effective way to prevent starvation is by establishing a functioning multiparty _ as there has never been a famine in these nations

democracy

The reason why famines do not occur in democracies is because of immense political pressures from _ to provide protective security.

voters

The Rockefeller Foundation sent a team to survey Mexican agriculture, which led to the development of _ wheat.

mircale

This refers to technological advances that occured as a result of US philanthropic funding, such as fertilizers, irrigation, and hybird seeds

What was the Green Revolution?

The Green Revolution was coined by _ Gaud, describing what was happening as a result of US philantropic funding of _ and hybird seeds

William, fertilizers

Green Revolution: Some _ impacts were that it led to record harvests, total food production in the _ world increased, and food supplies in Asia doubled

Positive, developing

Green Revolution: While productivity increased, profit _ for some smallholders decreased

margins

Green Revolution: Exacerbated _ land ownership and social differentiations between rich farmers and _ [richer farmers could afford new technologies, while poorer ones couldn’t.

unequal, smallholders

Green Revolution: The number of hungry people _ by 11%

increased

This is the agricultural practice of continuously growing a single, high-demand crop (wheat, rich, corn, etc) on the same plot of land year after year, rather than rotating different crops

What is monocropping?

This is the hypothesis that the Green Revolution provided a net benefit to the environment because it actively prevented widespread deforestation.

What is the Borlaug Hypothesis?