general pharmacology

drugs that end in -ine

alkaloids

drugs that end in -in

glycosides

where are most hormones synthesized?

in a laboratory

where is insulin sourced?

other animals

what do binders do?

hold tablet together

what do coatings do?

protect tablet from breaking, absorbing, moisture, and early disintegration

what do disintegrants do?

expand when exposed to liquid so they can disperse active ingredients

what do emulsifiers do?

allow fat soluble and water soluble agents to mix so they do not separate

what do fillers do?

increase bulk or volume

what do flow agents do?

prevent powders from sticking together

what do humectants do?

hold moisture in product

what do thickening agents do?

increase the viscosity of a product

what is diagnostic treatment

when an actual diagnosis is made

what is empirical treatment

using drugs that usually work in this situation

example: cough tabs and doxy on a dog with boarding history and productive cough

what is symptomatic treatment

antiemetics, NSAIDs, etc

what should treatment plan include?

route of administration

total amount to be given (dose)

how often drug is to be given (frequency)

how long the drug will be given (duration)

what factors influence blood concentration levels of a drug and patient's response?

rate of drug absorption

amount of drug absorbed

distribution of the drug throughout the body

drug metabolism or biotransformation

rate and route of excretion

what are four routes of administration?

oral

parenteral (injection)

inhalation

topical

bioavailability

the degree to which a drug is absorbed and reaches the systemic circulation

what factors may affect absorption process

mechanism of absorption

pH and ionization of the drug

absorptive surface area

blood supply

solubility of the drug

dosage form

status of gi tract

interaction with other medications

what is drug distribution?

process by which a drug is carried from its site of absorption to its site of action

how do lipid soluble drugs tend to move?

from plasma into the interstitial fluid

what are the four types of biotransformation induced by microsomal enzymes in the liver?

1. oxidation

2. reduction

3. hydrolysis

4. conjugation

what are most drugs metabolized by?

liver

what are most drugs excreted by?

kidneys via urine

which two principal mechanisms are used in kidney to excrete drugs?

glomerular filtration and tubular secretion

half-life

time required for the amount of the drug present in the body to be reduced by one half

pharmacodynamics

study of the mechanisms by which drugs produce physiologic changes in the body

affinity

tendency of a drug to combine with a receptor

agonist

drug with a high level of affinity and efficacy that causes a specific action

efficacy

degree to which a drug produces its desired response to a patient

therapeutic index

relationship between a drugs ability to achieve desired effect and its tendency to produce toxic effects

what are the three types of drug interactions?

Pharmacokinetic

Pharmacodynamic

Pharmaceutic

what are the common drug names we use?

official or compendial

AND

proprietary or generic

what should be included on a drug label for use in clinic?

drug names (both generic and trade)

drug concentration

drug quantity

name and address of manufacturer

controlled substance status (if applicable)

manufacturers lot number

drugs expiration date

what are the steps in development of a new drug?

preliminary trials

preclinical trials (lab animals)

clinical trials (patients in specialty)

submission of a new animal drug application

final review by FDA

product monitoring

the green book

what does fda do?

regulates development and approval of animal drugs and feed additives through its cvm

what does epa do?

regulates development and approval of animal topical pesticides

what does usda do?

regulates development and approval of biologics

example: monoclonal antibodies

what is the animal medicinal drug use clarification act?

made in 1994; made extra label use of approved veterinary drugs legal under specific well-defined conditions

example: using gabapentin in animals after it was originally approved for human use only

what drugs are prohibited in food producing animals under the animal medicinal drug use clarification act?

** cloramphenical (antibiotic) **

clenbuterol - bronchodilator

DES - estrogen

fluoroquinolone class - antibiotics

glycopeptides

nitromidazoles

medicated feeds

nitrofurans

what is compounding drugs?

any manipulation of a drug by combining, mixing, or altering ingredients to create a different dosage form other than what is approved by the FDA to accommodate a specific patients needs

example: mixing premedication drugs to administer at same time to an animal

veterinary food directive (VFD)

part of animal drug availability act of 1996

established new category of drugs as an alternative for certain antimicrobial animal feed additives

** requires valid VCPR and issuance of a VFD form by veterinarian

minor use and minor species (MUMS) animal health act

intended as a mechanism to provide fda-authorized drugs for those less common species and indications

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