Periodic Properties and Trends

These flashcards cover key vocabulary related to periodic properties and trends discussed in the lecture, including definitions and concepts essential for understanding chemistry.

Palladium

A chemical element with the symbol Pd and atomic number 46, used in various catalytic processes.

Ionization Energy (IE)

The amount of energy required to remove an electron from the ground state of a gaseous atom or ion.

Effective Nuclear Charge (Zeff)

The net positive charge experienced by an electron in a multi-electron atom.

Pauli Exclusion Principle

No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers.

Electron Affinity (EA)

The energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a gaseous atom.

Atomic Radius

The bonding atomic radius is defined as one-half of the distance between covalently bonded nuclei.

Valence Electrons

The electrons in the outermost shell that are involved in forming bonds.

Shielding Effect

The decrease in effective nuclear charge on the electron cloud, due to the presence of other electrons.

Electronegativity

The tendency of an atom to attract electrons when forming a chemical bond.

First Ionization Energy

The energy required to remove the first electron from an atom.

Core Electrons

Electrons in lower energy shells that are not involved in bonding.

Sublevel Splitting

The phenomenon where sublevels of orbitals have different energy levels in multi-electron atoms.

Periodic Table Trends

Patterns observed in the periodic table such as atomic size, ionization energy, and electronegativity.

Cation

A positively charged ion that results from the loss of one or more electrons.

Anion

A negatively charged ion that results from the gain of one or more electrons.

Electron Configuration

The distribution of electrons among the various orbitals of an atom.

Aufbau Principle

The principle stating that electrons occupy the lowest-energy orbitals before filling higher-energy ones.

Degenerate Orbitals

Orbitals that have the same energy.

Exceptions to Ionization Energy Trends

Situations where the expected trends for ionization energy do not hold true, often due to electron configurations.

Metallic Character

The set of properties associated with metals, including the tendency to lose electrons.

Periodic Groups and Periods

Groups are vertical columns of the periodic table; periods are horizontal rows.