B. PRODUCTS AND CONSTITUENTS

a) Health foods

b) Crude drug

Products of pharmacognostic origin can be: (2)

c. Health foods

Products of natural origin which without therapeutic effect are used in self-treatment of diseases

a. Crude drugs
b. Constituents
c. Health foods
d. Galenicals

d. Crude drugs

Vegetable or animal drugs that consist of natural substances only undergoing collection and drying

a. Health foods
b. Constituents
c. Galenicals
d. Crude drugs

d. Vegetable and animal

The two sources of crude drugs

a. Synthetic and semisynthetic
b. Marine and terrestrial
c. Fungal and bacterial
d. Vegetable and animal

a. Constituent

A compound that is pharmaceutically or pharmacologically active

a. Constituent
b. Crude drug
c. Health food
d. Biogenesis

c. Biogenesis

The synthesis of constituents also known as anabolism

a. Catabolism
b. Metabolism
c. Biogenesis
d. Biotransformation

c. Synthetic production

The application of biogenesis in the pharmaceutical industry

a. Drug distribution
b. Drug elimination
c. Synthetic production
d. Drug absorption

a) Primary

b) Secondary

Constituents are mainly classified based on the organism's need for it: (2)

c. Organism's need for the constituent

The basis for the main classification of constituents in pharmacognosy

a. Chemical structure of the compound
b. Therapeutic use of the compound
c. Organism's need for the constituent
d. Source of the natural product

b. Primary constituents

-yung biomolecules (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid)

The classification of constituents that are needed by the organism to survive

a. Tertiary constituents
b. Primary constituents
c. Accessory constituents
d. Secondary constituents

b. Secondary constituents

The classification of constituents that are not needed to survive but have special purposes

a. Tertiary constituents
b. Secondary constituents
c. Accessory constituents
d. Primary constituents

a. Reproduction, protection, and defense

The special purposes served by secondary constituents in organisms

a. Reproduction, protection, and defense
b. Digestion, defense and absorption
c. Cell division, protection and repair
d. Energy production, cell division and growth

d. Alkaloids

The secondary constituent that deters herbivores through a bitter defense mechanism

a. Volatile oils
b. Carbohydrates
c. Lipids
d. Alkaloids

a. Volatile oils

The secondary constituent that attracts pollinators

a. Volatile oils
b. Carbohydrates
c. Lipids
d. Alkaloids

c. Thylakoids

• called a granum when stacked

The structure where light-dependent reactions occur

a. Stroma
b. Chloroplast matrix
c. Thylakoids
d. Cell membrane

ATP, NADPH, and oxygen

The products of the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis

Calvin cycle/ Carbon fixation

Light-independent reaction is aka

c. Stroma

The location in the plant cell where the light-independent reaction or Calvin cycle occurs

a. Thylakoids
b. Mitochondria
c. Stroma
d. Nucleus

Glucose

The product of the light-independent reaction or Calvin cycle

c. It can happen even when there is light

The light-independent reaction is often misunderstood when called dark reactions because

a. It only occurs in the absence of light
b. It produces dark-colored pigments
c. It can happen even when there is light
d. It requires darkness to produce glucose

c. C₄ carbon fixation

• low H2O absorption = CAM

• high Co2 absorption = C4 fixation

The specialized type of carbon fixation used by plants to deal with high CO₂ levels

a. C₃ carbon fixation
b. CAM
c. C₄ carbon fixation
d. C₂ carbon fixation

b. CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism)

• low H2O absorption = CAM

• high Co2 absorption = C4 fixation

The specialized metabolic pathway used by plants to deal with low water contents

a. C₃ carbon fixation
b. CAM
c. C₄ carbon fixation
d. C₂ carbon fixation

draw light-independent and light-dependent reactions

d. Natural

A product that did not undergo molecular modifications

a. Total synthesis
b. Semi-synthetic
c. Biosynthetic
d. Natural

c. Semi-synthetic

A product that uses a natural product as starting material then underwent molecular modification

a. Natural
b. Total synthesis
c. Semi-synthetic
d. Biosynthetic

d. Total synthesis

A product that did not involve any natural starting material at all

a. Natural
b. Semi-synthetic
c. Biosynthetic
d. Total synthesis

d. Pinene from pine

• pine → pinene —^{( modification)} → camphor

The natural starting material used in the semi-synthetic production of camphor

a. Vinyl chloride
b. Cycloheptadine
c. Camphor plant
d. Pinene from pine

b. Vinyl chloride and cycloheptadine

• vinyl chloride + cycloheptadine → synthetic camphor

The reactants used in the total synthesis of camphor that do not involve any natural starting material

a. Pinene and camphor plant
b. Vinyl chloride and cycloheptadine
c. Pine extract and cycloheptadine
d. Camphor and pinene

d. 3

a) Natural

b) Semi-synthetic

c) Total synthesis

The total number of classifications of products based on origin

a. 4
b. 5
c. 2
d. 3