AP World | Chapter 35 | Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

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Indian National Congress

Founded in $1885$ to promote self-rule; after World War I, it moved from collaboration with the British to opposition.

Muslim League

Established in $1906$ with British encouragement to blunt the influence of the Indian National Congress.

Mahatma

A title meaning "great soul" given to Mohandas K. Gandhi ($1869$-$1948$), who made the Indian National Congress a mass movement.

Ahimsa

The principle of nonviolence practiced by Mohandas K. Gandhi.

Satyagraha

Gandhi's technique of passive resistance, which translates to "truth and firmness."

Amritsar Massacre

A bloody incident occurring in $1919$ during the period of Indian resistance against British rule.

India Act

A $1937$ act that created an autonomous legislature, though $600$ nominally sovereign princes refused to cooperate.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Leader ($1876$-$1948$) who proposed the partition of India and the creation of the state of Pakistan.

Sun Yatsen

Leader ($1866$-$1925$) who proclaimed the Republic of China in $1912$ and created the Nationalist People’s Party (Guomindang).

May Fourth Movement

A series of protests by students and urban intellectuals against foreign interference, especially by Japan, in China.

Mao Zedong

Leader ($1893$-$1976$) of the Chinese Communist Party founded in Shanghai in $1921$.

Guomindang

The Nationalist People’s Party created by Sun Yatsen; it accepted support from the Soviet Union.

Jiang Jieshi

Also known as Chiang Kai-Shek ($1887$-$1975$); he took over the Guomindang after Sun Yatsen's death and turned against communist allies.

The Long March

A $6,215$\text{ mile} flight in $1934$ by Chinese Communists to northwest China to escape the Guomindang.

Maoism

The version of Chinese communism elucidated by Mao Zedong, focusing on peasant-led revolution.

Mukden Incident

A $1931$ event where Japanese troops blew up parts of the South Manchuria Railway as a pretext to invade Manchuria.

Manchukuo

The puppet state established by Japan after the military seizure of Manchuria over the opposition of the Japanese civilian government.

Jomo Kenyatta

A Kenyan nationalist ($1895$-$1978$) who was part of the new elite class and moved to create modern nation-states in Africa.

Pan-Africanism

A movement promoted by Marcus Garvey characterized by the "Back to Africa" concept.

Marcus Garvey

A Jamaican leader ($1887$-$1940$) who advocated for Pan-Africanism and the relocation of individuals to Africa.

Dollar Diplomacy

U.S. economic neocolonialism in Latin America under President William Howard Taft ($1857$-$1931$), also known as "Yankee imperialism."

Good Neighbor Policy

A policy under Franklin Delano Roosevelt ($1882$-$1945$) to avoid direct intervention in Latin America by supporting local leaders and training militias.

Anastacio Somoza Garcia

The U.S.-supported leader in Nicaragua who controlled the Guarda Nacional and assassinated Augusto CŠsar Sandino in $1934$.

Augusto CŠsar Sandino

The leader who spearheaded the opposition to U.S. influence and intervention during the civil war in Nicaragua in the $1920 ext{s}$.

L
zaro CŠrdenas

Mexican president ($1895$-$1970$) who nationalized the oil industry in $1938$ and compensated U.S. and British businesses with \text{ million}.