Morphology terms

morphology

invesigates the internal structure of words

morpheme

the smallest unit od meaning or grammatical function np talk

simple words

monomorphemic (one words)

complex words

more than one word

free morphemes

single words divided into lexicon (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs) and functional (the, and, more, this, can, will)

bound morphemes (affixes)

cant stand alone, will have something attached to it np: talkS, talkED

prefixes

stand before the word they are attached to

suffixes

stand behind the word they’re attached to

morpheme

abstract notion

morph

the actual form used to realize a morpheme. the segment of a word form which represents a particular morpheme np: ed in walkED

allomorph

variant form of a morpheme

word

the smalelest free form found in language

word form

a concrete word used in a sentence (walk, walks, walked) it has a phonological or ortoographic shape

lexemes

abstract units realized by word forms

inflection

the modification of a word’s form to indicate gramatical subclass to which it belongs DOES NOT change the grammatical category (meaning) book, books, work, worked, noun is a noun, verb stays a verb

derivation [1]

changes the grammatical subclass by adding something, verb becomes a noun for example sell, seller

7 word formation technics

derivation, compounding, conversion, clipping, blending, back formation, acronymization

derivation [2]

combination of a free morpheme with a bound morpheme

compounding

combination of free morphemes (2 or more words that can stand on their own)

the rule of interruptility

u can’t put anything between two words making a compound word

recursiveness

there is no limit on the number of compounded elements

non compositionality

most often the meaning of the compound word is not the sum of the meanings of constituent elements (skinhead

structural properties

the element most to the right in a compound word determines the gramm. category of the new word (patrz notatki bo nw jak zrobić z tego fiszkę)

greenhouse (adj + nound)

noun

spoon feed (noun + verb)

verb

head of a compound word

determines the gram category of the entire word

modifier in a compound word is

the other element in the word other than head

constituents

noun + noun, verb + noun, adj + noun, verb + verb etc.

endocentric compounds

a kind of something (tennis ball, shop window)

exocentric compounds

the meaning of the word doesnt come from the literal translation of the words making the compound (redhead means ginger and not someone with literall red head)

appositional compounds

a type of compound word where both parts refer to the exact same person, object or concept (boy servant is a boy who serves, woman doctor, girlfriend)

dvandva

both words have the same lvl of importance, IT HAS TWO HEADS (austria hungary)

ceo classical compounds

complex words build from combining forms derived from ancient greek or latin (microscope, telescope, stetoscop)

conversion technique/zero derevation/functional shift

a word changes the word class without any actual changes in writing to cook, a cook, google, to google

clipping technique

cutting off one or more SYLABLES from a word (profeson becomes prof, hamburger becomes a burger etc.

back clipping

take a syllable from the back

fore clipping

take a syllable from teh front

mixed clipping

take from teh front and the back

dipping clipping

mix 2 words (sitcom)

blending technique

mixing 2 words randomly (smoke + fog = smog)

back formation technique

back derivation, you take away something from a word rhat excited first: beggar, to beg, editor, to edit, laser, to lase

acronomization technique

skrót który czyta się jako słowo np AIDS, NASA

abbrevation

usa to skrót którego nie czytamy jako słowo, literujemy je