PSY 2410 Exam #4 latest updated version with 100% accurate solutions + rationales

characteristics of body growth during middle childhood

-Slow, regular pace

-Girls shorter and lighter until about age 9, when trend reverses

-Lower portion of body grows fastest

-Bones lengthen, broaden

-Muscles very flexible

Vision

1/4 wil have some degree of impact in their vision

-struggle to see things far away

-school screenings

Hearing

decrease in ear infections but increase in need for tubes in ears

-need for doctor check up and w/out could further increase loss of hearing

Dental

-All permanent teeth appear

-increase in dental health

-toothbrush monitoring until 7/8 years old

Type 1 Diabetes

-usually develops during childhood or adolescence

-autoimmune (body is not producing/secreting insulin)

Type 2 Diabetes

-progressive disorder in which body cells become less responsive to insulin (insulin resistance)

-due to obestiy/overweight

-common in minority groups

Asthma

-most common chronic health conidtion we see during middle childhood

-can be treated, but need to be indentified

changes in attention during middle childhood

becomes more

-selective (ignore distractions)

-adaptable

-planful (think about next steps to achieve overall goal)

changes in one's knowledge base and memory in middle childhood

-becomes increasingly elaborate and better organized

-motivated learners actively use what they know to expand their knowledge

-leads to greater academic success due to increased motivation and capacity

cognitive benefits associated with bilingualism

-greater neural plasticity (cognitivie flexibility)

-creaters greater language aquisition in both hemispheres of the brain

self-concept changes during middle childhood

-More balanced, fewer all-or-none descriptions

-Social comparisons (comparing self to others)

-References peers and social groups

-Real vs. ideal self: a large discrepancy

undermines self-esteem → depression, sadness, hopelessness

factors related to gender typing

1. Cognitive

2. Gender Socialization

➢ Family

➢ Teachers

➢ Peers

➢ Broader social environment

Parenting impact on children's self-esteem

Authoritative style is best

Encourage worthwhile goal-setting to boost self-esteem

emotional development during middle childhood

Emotional understanding

-Explains emotion using internal states

-Understands mixed emotions

-Empathy increases

Emotional self-regulation

-Motivated by self-esteem and peer approval

resilience

The capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress

factors that promote resilience in children

Personal characteristics: easy temperament & mastery orientation

Warm parental relationship

Supportive adult outside family

Community resources

Coping strategies

friendship is defined in middle childhood

Personal qualities, trust become important

More selective in choosing friends:

-tends to select friends similar to self

Friendships fairly stable, can last several years

Type of friends affects development:

-aggressive friends often magnify antisocial acts

Define bullying.

Unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance.

Identify characteristics that increase risk of being bullied

o LGBT

o Disabilities

o Socially isolated

o Less popular

o Overweight

o Low self-esteem

Identify outcomes associated with peer victimization

o Physical health

o School adjustment

o Internalizing and externalizing

problems

o Suicidal ideation

o Peer rejection

Identify characteristics that increase the likelihood of peer bystander intervention

o Higher empathy in general

o High social status

o Higher empathetic anger in response to the bullying incident

five family functions

- Providing food, clothing and shelter

-Encouraging learning

-Developing self-esteem

-Nurturing friendships with peers

-Providing harmony and stability

family stress model

Financial stress impact parent psychological functioning which in turn increases interparental conflict and negative parenting, leading to child adjustment problems

Identify factors that can impact family function and child outcomes regardless of family structure

-Children flourish, or suffer, in many family structures.

-High parental stress and conflict, as well as low income can

impact family function and child outcomes regardless of family structure

Sibling relationships

- Support children receive from parents affects it

➢ Get along better if their parents have good relationships with each other.

➢ Birth order matters (somewhat)

➢ In middle childhood, siblings get along better if

temperamentally similar

Only children

-High in self-esteem, achievement motivation

-Closer relationships with parents: greater pressure for mastery

-Peer acceptance tends to be less favorable: lack of practice in conflict resolution

Adoptive families

➢ Most children develop normal attachments.

➢Abuse/neglect before adoption can strain the relationship.

➢ Adopted children fare much better than foster care children

Single parents

➢ More moms than dads

➢ Increased risk for lower academic success and increased risk for behavioral problems: Role of Socioeconomic status , parental stress, and stability

Lesbian and gay parents

No differences in outcomes or orientation for children

developmental psychopathology

Links the study of typical development with the study of disorders

four principles of developmental psychopathology

Abnormality is normal.

Disability changes year by year.

Life may be better or worse in adulthood.

Diagnosis and treatment reflect the social context.

phobias

irrational fears of specific objects or situations

-may cling to parents, throw tempertantrums, cry, freeze up

anxiety

persistent worrying and fear that impacts daily functioning across settings

-disrupt performance at school, play time, etc.

OCD

obsessive thoughts that lead to a compulsive behavior

-may feel like it reduces anxiety short term but will cycle over and over

depression

persisitent sadness and disinterest of activity

-over an extended period of time (2+ weeks)

-don't want to go to school, back feeling in stomach, sick, etc.

PTSD

30% of the time will experience a trauma and develop the disorder

-post-trauma 90% will change behavior... but 3-4 months out we may be more concerned if it continues

Describe characteristics of ADHD.

Attention-deficit Hyperactivity disorder

Results in academic & social problems

Describe characteristics of ASD.

Developmental disorder marked by difficulty with

social communication and interaction and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior

Define IQ.

Intelligence Quotient

-Goal is to measure "g" the general intelligence factor

-standardized

measure of intelligence that adjusts for age

o IQ = mental age ÷ chronological age × 100

-Used in clinical and educational settings

Identify characteristics of intellectual developmental disorders.

-Deficits in both cognitive capacity and adaptive functioning

-Starts during the developmental period

-Low IQ score as one indicator

-Levels of intellectual disabilities (mild, moderate, severe, profound)

Describe pros and cons of gifted and talented programs.

-Gifted: IQ of 130 or higher

PROS AND CONS

dyslexia

most common learning disability

Difficulty with reading

Problems reading, writing, spelling

dyscalculia

Difficulty with math

Problems doing math problems, understanding time, using money

poor "number sense."

dyspraxia

Difficulty with fine motor skills

Problems with hand-eye coordination, balance manual dexterity

dysgraphia

Difficulty with writing

Problems with handwriting, spelling, organizing ideas

auditory processing disorder

Difficulty hearing difference between sounds

Problems with reading, comprehension, language

visual processing disorder

Difficulty interpreting visual information

Problems with reading, math, maps, charts, symbols, pictures

aphasia

A loss of the ability to produce or understand language

articulation disorder

inability to correctly produce speech sounds (phonemes) because of imprecise placement, timing, pressure, speed, or flow of movement of the lips, tongue, or throat

fluency disorders

affect the rate of speech

Speech may be labored and slow, or too fast for listeners to follow

voice disorders

problems with pitch, loudness, and quality of the voice

only becomes a disorder when problems with the voice make the child unintelligible

Identify the rights guaranteed by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.

-Guarantees rights to education for anyone with a disability from birth to 21

▪ Free, appropriate education

▪ Due process

▪ Fair evaluation of performance

▪ Education in the least restrictive environment

▪ An Individualized Education Plan (IEP)

factors that impact aggression in children

Individual differences:

➢ gender

➢ temperament

Family:

➢ Repeated, harsh discipline

➢ Psychological control

➢ Media violence

ODD (oppositional defiant disorder)

-recurrent pattern of negative, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward authority figures (NOT peers)

CD (conduct disorder)

-show acts of aggression towards others and animals

-show little to no compassion or concern for others or their feelings

Describe benefits and concerns for children's involvement in youth sports during middle childhood

Benefits:

-Higher levels of satisfaction with family and overall quality of life

-Improved physical and emotional development

-Better academic performance

Concerns: injuries, burnout, over-emphasize winning can create depression, fatigue, etc.

Identify how features of elementary education impact student achievement.

-Physical setting

-Class size

-Classroom climate

-Curriculum

-Evaluations of progress

-Relationships with families

-Student-teacher interactions

-Teacher stress & burnout

Identify benefits and concerns for standardized testing in elementary school

Benefits: can compare data to build cirriculums and allow teachers to create better classroom plans

Concerns: cause high stress situations, create an intense testing culture, may hurt the love of learning,

gross motor skill gains

flexibility

balance

agility

force

fine motor skill gains

writing

drawing

Conservation

amount stays the same even if the form changes

Decentration

focusing on several aspects of a problem and relating them

-can think about the height and width of the glass

➡ The water looks taller, but the glass is narrower, so the amount of water stays the same.

Reversibility

thinking through a series of steps and then mentally reversing direction

-think about water before and after the cup

➡ "If you pour the water back into the first glass, it will look the same as before."

Classification

-children (age 7-10) develop the logic needed to understand that subclasses (e.g., dogs) fit within a broader category (e.g., animals), mastering classification hierarchies

-collect and clasify items is common

seriation

the ability to order items along a quantitative dimension, such as length or weight

-6-7 yrs old

transitive inference

ability to seriate mentally

-7 yrs old

vocabulary

increases fourfould during school years

-reading is a GREAT contributer

grammar

-mastery of complex constructions improves

Ex: passive voice, infinitive phrases

Pragmatics

-adjust to people and situations

-phrase requests to get what they want

Industry

developing a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks

-school provides many oppurtunities

inferiority

-pessimism and lack of confidence in own ability to do things well

-negative response from fam, teachers, and peers can contribute to negative feelings

mastery-orientation

crediting successes to ability and failures to changeable factors ("I can try harder next time")

learned helplessness

attributing failures to ability ("I'm terrible at memorizing information") while attributing successes to luck or another external factor ("I only got the job because they needed someone right now")

Risks of authoritarian parenting on slef-esteem

low self-esteem, aggression, and antisocial behavior

-Risks of permissive parenting

unrealistically high self- esteem, lashing out at challenges to overblown self-images

problem-centered coping

-Appraise situation as changeable

-Identify difficulty

-Decide what to do

emotion-centered coping

-Use when problem- centered coping does not

work

-Internal, private, and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about outcome

stage 0

Momentary physical interaction

• early childhood

a friend is someone who you are playing with at this point in time.

stage 1

One-way assistance

• late early childhood & middle childhood

a friend is someone who does nice things for you,

stage 2

Fair-weather cooperation

• middle childhood & early adolescence

a friend is someone who returns a favor.

stage 3

Intimate & mutual sharing

• late middle childhood & adolescence

a friend is someone who you can tell them things you would tell no one else

stage 4

Autonomous Interdependence

• late adolescence & adulthood

a friend is someone who accepts you and that you accept as they are.

popular

Receive many votes in the "like" category, and very few in the "do not like" category.

rejected

Receive more unfavorable votes, and few favorable ones.

controversial

Mentioned frequently in each category, with several children liking them and several children placing them in the do not like category.

neglected

Rarely mentioned in either category.

average

Have a few positive votes with very few negative ones.

Popular- prosocial children

Are nice and have good social skills; tend to do well in school and are cooperative and friendly.

Popular- antisocial children

May gain popularity by acting tough or spreading rumors about others.

Rejected- withdrawn children

Are shy and withdrawn and are easy targets for bullies because they are unlikely to retaliate when belittled.

Rejected- aggressive children

Are ostracized because they are aggressive, loud, and confrontational. They may be acting out of a feeling of insecurity.

physical bullying

hitting, pinching, or kicking

verbal bullying

teasing, taunting, or name-calling

relational/social bullying

spreading rumors, posting embarrassing images, rejecting from group

cyber bullying

Bullying that takes place by email, instant messaging, text messages or web sites

socially integrated bullies (increase likelihood of someone becoming a bully)

o Popular

o High self-esteem

o High social intelligence

o Lower empathy

bully victim

o Hyperactive

o Impulsive

o Less popular

o At increased risk for long-term

negative outcomes

family structure

Legal and genetic relationships among relatives living in

the same home; includes nuclear family, extended

family, stepfamily, and others

family function

The way a family works to meet the needs of its

members

mother's normal role

➢ Tend to spend more time overall.

➢ Spend more time attending to needs.

➢ Communicate more about emotional topics