Bio 1 Test 2

Uphadyaya Summer 2026

Monosaccharides only have what functional group

Hydroxyl group

Dehydration synthesis occurs between the what of monosaccharides. Give equation

It occurs between the two hydroxyl groups.

C₆H₁₂O₆ + C₆H₁₂O₆ > C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ + H₂O

What are the commonly found disaccharides found in our diet. Give the components of each and their equation

Sucrose: Glucose and fructose

Maltose: Glucose and glucose

Lactose: Glucose and galactose

*ALL C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁

List the storage polysaccharides

Starch and glycogen

List the structural polysaccharides

Cellulose, Chitin, and Peptidoglycan

Starch is found in what, what type of glucose, general info

Found in plants. Alpha Glucose. Forms helical chains. Humans are able to break this down with amylase

Glycogen is found in what, what type of glucose, general info

Found in animals. Alpha Glucose. Stored mainly in muscles and liver. Glycogen has more branching than starch because animal cells require more energy than plants

How does branching in glycogen increase the amount of energy output

By increasing the amount of branching in the molecule, this allows for more sites for enzymes to break down the molecule leading to faster energy spikes

Is alpha glucose or beta glucose better for storage? For Structural support?

Alpha: Storage

Beta: Structure

Cellulose is found in what, what type of glucose, general info

Found in cell walls. Beta glucose. Most abundant organic compound in the world, able to hydrogen bond with one another, NOT helical or branching, Forms noncovalent intermolecular bonds (weak interactions) which gives plants ability to flex in the wind but still stay intact.

Chitin is found in what, what type of glucose, general info

Found in exoskeleton of arthropods and cell wall in fungi. Beta glucose. Able to hydrogen bond with one another. Made from a glucose derivative

Peptidoglycan is found in what, what type of glucose, general info

Found in cell wall of bacteria. Beta glucose.

Definition of lipids

Biomolecules that are hydrophobic

Functions of Lipids

Energy source / Carbon source

Storage

Structural

Cell to cell signaling (some hormones)

Cell chemistry (some vitamins)

Fatty acids are made up of what, has what functional groups, general info

Made up of a long hydrocarbon chain, has one carboxyl group on one end and a methyl group at the other. Hydrocarbon chain has sp³ hybridization. Two types: Saturated and Unsaturated

Difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid

Saturated: Maximum # of H bonded. NO C-C double bonds

Unsaturated: Less than the Maximum # of H bonds. HAS one or more C-C double bonds

Difference between a cis and trans isomer

Cis: Forms a kink. Carbons are on same side Found in cells and in nature. Pack worse

Trans: Forms straight chain. Carbons are on different sides. Made artificially (partial hydrogenation). Not healthy. Pack better

Cis and Trans isomers are examples of what

They are exampels of Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Fats are made up of what, functions, general info

Made up of 3 Fatty acids and a glycerol. Main function is energy storage, cushions organs, insulation. Hydrophobic. Saturated Fats come from animals, solid at RT (Butter). Unsaturated Fats come from plants and fish. Liquid at RT (Oils)

Phopholipids are made up of what, general info

Made up of 2 Fatty acids, 1 glycerol, 1 Phosphate, and 1 Addtional Chemical. Hydrophilic Head made up of phosphate, glycerol, and 1 additional chemical. Hydrophobic tail made up of fatty acid. Amphipathic

Steroids general structure, general info. What is the main steroid to know

4 rings. Cholesterol is a part of the animal cell membrane. Cholesterol is a purcursor for bile, steroid hormones, vitamin D. Reactions occur in a series. A > B > C > D

Fat soluble vitamins general info. Main one to remember

Vitamin D is derived from cholesterol. Vitamins are also used to make coenzymes.

B₃ / Niacin makes NAD+