late middle ages and renaissance

Fuedalism

A system where kings gave land to nobles in exchange for loyalty and service.

first crusade

The first christain millitary attempt to take jerusalem from muslims (1096-1099)

Pope urban II

The pope who called for the first crusade

Byzantine empire

The eastern half of the roman empire centered in Constaininople

Holy land/ Jerusalem

A sacred area important to Christain, muslims and jews

Islan and christianity

Two major religions that came into conflict during the crusades

Lesser Jihad

In Islam, a physical struggle or defense of the faith

Second Crusade

A Failed attempt by Europeans to retake land lost after the First Crusade

Seljuk Turks

A muslim group that controlled much of the middle east during the crusades

Third Crusade( Crusade of kings)

A Major crusade led by Europeans kings to retake Jerusalem

Saladin

Muslim leader who recaptured Jerusalem during the crusades

Divine Right of Kings

The belif that kings get their power dircetly from God.

Anglo-saxons

Early inhabiatnst of england before the Norman Conquest

Alfred The great

A Anglo-Saxon Kings who defended England from Viking attacks

Norman Conquest

The 1066 Invasion of England by William the Conqueror

William the Conqueror

The norman kings who took control of England in 1066

Domesday Book

A survey of land and wealth in England orderd by william

Capetian Dynasty

A powerful line of kings that ruled france

Holy roman empire

A collection of territories in centrail Europe rules by an Emperor

Common law (Henery II)

A system of law based on court decisions and precendent

Grand Jury

A group that decides if there is enough evidence for a trial.

• Petit Jury

A group that decides if someone is guilty or not in a trial.

• Magna Carta

• A document limiting the king’s power and protecting nobles’ rights (1215).

king john

• The English king forced to sign the Magna Carta.

• Rule of Law & Due Process

• The idea that laws apply to everyone and must be followed fairly.

• Consent of the Governed

• The idea that people give governments permission to rule

• U.S. Bill of Rights (Amendments 1–8)

• The first amendments protecting basic freedoms and rights.

• Parliament (Henry III)

• England’s lawmaking body that advised the king.

• Black Death

• A deadly plague that killed millions in Europe in the 1300s.

• Peasants’ Revolt

• An uprising of English peasants demanding better conditions (1381).

• Florence & Italian City-states

• Independent cities in Italy that led the Renaissance.

• Medici Family

• A wealthy family in Florence that supported the arts.

• Patronage

• Financial support given to artists and thinkers.

• Classical Revival

• Renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman ideas.

• Humanism

• A focus on human potential and achievements.

• Civic Humanism

• The idea that educated people should serve their city.

• Republican Government

• A system where people elect representatives to govern.

• “The Humanities”

• Subjects like art, literature, and history that study human culture.

• Secularism

• Focus on non-religious ideas and everyday life.

• Urban/City Planning

• Designing and organizing cities.

• Petrarch

• A scholar known as the “father of humanism.”

• Anatomy

• The study of the human body.

• Raphael

• A Renaissance artist known for balanced, realistic paintings.

• Michelangelo

• A famous artist and sculptor (e.g., Sistine Chapel).

• Leonardo da Vinci

• A Renaissance genius known for art and inventions.

• Linear Perspective

• An art technique that creates depth on a flat surface.

• Northern Renaissance

• Renaissance movement in northern Europe focused on religion.

printing press

• A machine that made books faster and cheaper to produce.

• Christian Humanism

• A belief in improving society using Christian values and education.

• Indulgences

• Payments to the Church to reduce punishment for sins.

• Martin Luther

• A monk who started the Reformation by challenging the Church.

• Lutheranism

• A branch of Christianity based on Martin Luther’s ideas.

• 95 Theses

• A list of Luther’s criticisms of the Catholic Church.

• Protestant Reformation

• A movement that led to the creation of Protestant churches.