Notes on Power and Accountability in Politics and Governance

Power

The ability of a person to carry out his or her will and exercise control or impose restrictions over others.

Authority

The recognized right to exercise power within a society.

Coercive Power

The ability to compel others through the use of threats, punishment, and force.

Reward Power

The power derived from the capability to provide rewards and benefits to others.

Expert Power

Power based on the specialized knowledge and skills possessed by an individual.

Legitimate Power

Power that derives from a person's specific position, role, and duties within a group.

Referent Power

Power attributed to an individual’s personality and their ability to attract or influence followers.

Charismatic Authority

Authority that depends on the unique personal qualities of the individual wielding power.

Traditional Authority

Authority rooted in traditional values, long-standing social ties, and established institutions.

Legal-rational Authority

Authority that relies on systems of law, regulations, and established bureaucratic structures.

Influence

The ability to entice or convince others through persuasion without the use of coercion.

Eminent Domain

The authority of the government to acquire private property for public use.

Power of Taxation

The right of the government to impose and collect taxes from its citizens.

Civil Citizenship

A type of citizenship that emphasizes individual freedoms and rights.

Political Citizenship

A type of citizenship involving participation and the exercise of political power by citizens, such as voting.

Social Citizenship

A type of citizenship focused on ensuring the economic, cultural, and social well-being of all citizens.

Suffrage

The right granted to citizens to vote in elections and run for public office.

Referendum

A mechanism that enables citizens to vote for or against proposed laws or initiatives.

Plebiscite

A process permitting citizens to approve or reject proposed constitutional amendments.

Initiative

A process allowing citizens to propose laws or amendments to the Constitution directly.

Accountability

The acknowledgment and assumption of responsibility for actions and their associated consequences.

Graft

A specific type of political corruption where an official misappropriates public funds for personal benefit.

Office of the Ombudsman

An agency that investigates allegations of abuses and misconduct by public officials and government employees.

Sandiganbayan

Power

The ability of a person to carry out his or her will and exercise control or impose restrictions over others.

Authority

The recognized right to exercise power within a society.

Coercive Power

The ability to compel others through the use of threats, punishment, and force.

Reward Power

The power derived from the capability to provide rewards and benefits to others.

Expert Power

Power based on the specialized knowledge and skills possessed by an individual.

Legitimate Power

Power that derives from a person's specific position, role, and duties within a group.

Referent Power

Power attributed to an individual’s personality and their ability to attract or influence followers.

Charismatic Authority

Authority that depends on the unique personal qualities of the individual wielding power.

Traditional Authority

Authority rooted in traditional values, long-standing social ties, and established institutions.

Legal-rational Authority

Authority that relies on systems of law, regulations, and established bureaucratic structures.

Influence

The ability to entice or convince others through persuasion without the use of coercion.

Eminent Domain

The authority of the government to acquire private property for public use.

Power of Taxation

The right of the government to impose and collect taxes from its citizens.

Civil Citizenship

A type of citizenship that emphasizes individual freedoms and rights.

Political Citizenship

A type of citizenship involving participation and the exercise of political power by citizens, such as voting.

Social Citizenship

A type of citizenship focused on ensuring the economic, cultural, and social well-being of all citizens.

Suffrage

The right granted to citizens to vote in elections and run for public office.

Referendum

A mechanism that enables citizens to vote for or against proposed laws or initiatives.

Plebiscite

A process permitting citizens to approve or reject proposed constitutional amendments.

Initiative

A process allowing citizens to propose laws or amendments to the Constitution directly.

Accountability

The acknowledgment and assumption of responsibility for actions and their associated consequences.

Graft

A specific type of political corruption where an official misappropriates public funds for personal benefit.

Office of the Ombudsman

An agency that investigates allegations of abuses and misconduct by public officials and government employees.

Sandiganbayan

A special court in the Philippines with jurisdiction over criminal and civil cases involving graft, corruption, and other offenses committed by public officers and employees.