Key Concepts AP World

What was the cultural relationship between China and the rest of East Asia in the 13th Century?*

In the 13th century, China exerted significant cultural influence over East Asia through the spread of Confucianism, Buddhism, and administrative practices, particularly impacting Korea and Japan. These regions adopted Chinese writing systems, art, architecture, and governance models, integrating them into their own cultural and political frameworks. (eg. Filial Piety, Confucianism, Heian architecture)

How did innovations change East Asia in the 13th Century?*

The economy of Song China grew drastically as a result of increased production, long distance trade, and innovations in agriculture and manufacturing. (eg - Champa rice, Grand Canal expansion, Steel and iron production, Porcelains production, Gunpowder, block printing)

What was the political (government) organization of Dar al-Islam in the late 13th Century?*

The Abbasid Caliphate (kingdom) once dominated Dar al-Islam, but fragmented in this time and a new Islamic states emerged (eg. New Islamic states: Seljuk Empire, Mamluk sultanate of Egypt, Delhi Sultanate).

How did the Muslim world facilitate the spread of knowledge and culture during its Golden Age (8th-13th centuries)?*

Through long distance trade, missionary work and its central location within Afro-Eurasia, Muslim states became the 'collectors' and 'distributors' of past and current learning. (eg. House of Wisdom, translated works of Greek and Roman philosophy, symbol for zero, algebra, geometry)

Describe the dominant features of culture in South Asia (present day India) from 1200-1450.*

With Hinduism and the Caste system still dominant, as Islam expanded in South Asia syncretic belief systems emerged that combined elements of both Islam and Hinduism. (eg. Sufism, Bhakti Movement).

Describe the governments in South Asia from c. 1200-1450.*

Governments used the religions of Islam or Hinduism to maintain and justify their authority. When a religious minority government controlled a majority population, in some instances religious tolerance was prominent. (e.g. Vijayanagara Empire used Hinduism, Delhi Sultanate was run by Muslims)

Describe the features of government in Southeast Asia from c. 1200-1450.*

Government maintained and justified their rule based upon adherence to religion. Early in this timeframe, most states used Hinduism as their justification. Later, Hinduism will be replaced by either Buddhism or Islam. (eg. Srivijaya Empire, Khmer Empire, Majapahit, Sukhothai kingdom, Sinhala dynasties)

Describe the growth of new states in the Americas c. 1200-1450*

In the Americas, new states expanded their size using military conquest, state-sponsored religion and centralized economic systems to dominate and incorporate smaller states (eg. New States in the Americas: Mexica (Aztec), Inca, Chaco, Mesa Verde, Cahokia).

Describe the growth of new states in Africa c. 1200-1450*

In Africa, the spread of Islam combined with long distance trade amongst Afro-Eurasia brought about the rise of new states and highly developed urban centers (eg. Great Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, Hausa kingdoms, Mali, Ghana).

Describe the impact of the Silk Roads on urbanization.*

Long distance trade — including the Silk Roads — led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes promoting the growth of powerful new trading cities. (eg. Trading Cities: Kashgar, Samarkand)

How did innovation encourage trade along the The Silk Roads?*

The long distance trade along the Silk Road was encouraged by innovations and improvements to existing transportation and business methods (eg. caravanserai, forms of credit such as Bills of exchange, Banking houses, paper money).

What were the cultural impacts of the Mongol conquests?*

In the majority of instances, each khanate deferred to the local cultural traditions, helping to facilitate cross-cultural contacts across the larger empire. Eventually, Mongol culture disappeared as it was overtaken by the local culture. (e.g. - cross cultural exchange - adoption of Uyghur script, Transfer of Greco-Islamic medical knowledge to western Europe, Transfer of numbering systems to Europe)

How did innovation encourage trade along the Indian Ocean Trade Network?*

The growth of long-distance trade in standard consumer goods like that of the Indian Ocean Trade Network was encouraged by innovations in maritime technologies (e.g. use of the magnetic compass, the astrolabe and larger ship designs).

What new states developed as a result of the Indian Ocean Exchange and why?*

Due to increased wealth, influence and population, the Indian Ocean trading network caused the growth of states/empires (e.g. city-states of Swahili Coast, Gujarat, Sultanate of Malacca).

How did the Indian Ocean Exchange lead to the development of Diasporic communities?*

As foreign merchants set up communities where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous cultures and, in turn, indigenous cultures influenced merchant cultures. (e.g. Arab and Persian communities in East Africa, Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia, Malay communities in the Indian Ocean Basin)

How did innovation encourage trade along the Trans- Saharan Network?*

The growth of long distance trade was encouraged by improvements to existing transportation technologies throughout the Trans-Saharan trade routes (e.g. Caravans & Camel Saddles)

What new states developed as a result of the Trans Saharan Network and why?*

As increasing trade led to new wealth in North Africa, states and empires expanded as they facilitated Afro-Eurasian trade and communication. (eg. Mali, Ghana and Songhai empires in West Africa)

How did belief systems spread due to the cultural diffusion of 'Connectivity' c.1200-1450?*

Merchants and missionaries brought their religions as they traveled. This often results in the spread of religion to new regions. Often new religions mixed with existing religions bringing elements of both resulting in a new form of an old religion. (e.g. The influence of Buddhism in East Asia, The spread of Hinduism and Buddhism into Southeast Asia, The spread of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia)

How did literary and artistic traditions spread due to the cultural diffusion of 'Connectivity' c. 1200-1450?*

Merchants and missionaries brought ideas, learning and art as they traveled. Muslim scholars, such as those of the House of Wisdom (Baghdad) commented on and improved elements of Greek and Roman culture that later helped spark the Renaissance in Europe. (e.g. Revival of Classical Greek & Roman philosophy)

How did scientific and technological innovations spread due to cultural connectivity c. 1200-1450?*

Merchants and missionaries exchanged ideas including technological innovations resulting in the diffusion of inventions throughout Afro-Eurasia. (e.g. Gunpowder from China, Paper from China, Algebra from India, Medical advances from West Asia)

Describe the impacts of trade on large urban areas (cities) due to 'Connectivity c. 1200-1450.*

The impacts on cities are mixed. Some cities along various trade routes grew in terms of cultural and economic significance. Other cities faced destruction as they were at the crossroads of war. (eg - rising city - Kashgar, declining city - Baghdad)

Describe the impact of 'travelers' on the 'Connectivity' of the era c. 1200-1450.*

As exchange networks intensified, an increasing number of travelers within Afro-Eurasia wrote about their travels and peaked the interest of domestic populations to products, knowledge and lifestyles from abroad (e.g. - Ibn Battuta, Margery Kempe, Marco Polo)

Describe the impact on the environment from the 'Connectivity' of the era c. 1200-1450.*

There was continued diffusion of crops and epidemic diseases, including the bubonic plague, along trade routes. (e.g. Bananas in Africa, new rice varieties in East Asia, spread of citrus in the Mediterranean)

What issues and causes were at the root of conflict between Land-Based Empires circa 1450-1750?*

The primary issues at the root of conflicts between Land-Based Empires circa 1450-1750 were territorial expansion and control over lucrative trade routes. Additionally, religious differences and the desire for political dominance fueled hostilities among these empires. (e.g. Safavid [Shi'a]-Mughal [Sunni] conflict, Songhai Empire conflict with Morocco)

What methods did rulers of Land-Based Empires use to administer (run) their government in the time c. 1450-1750?*

Rulers of Land-Based Empires relied on centralized bureaucracies staffed by appointed officials as well as the development of military professionals to administer their governments efficiently. These officials were tasked with tasks such as tax collection, law enforcement, and infrastructure development, enabling rulers to maintain control over their vast territories and diverse populations. (e.g. Ottoman devshirme, Salaried Samurai)

What methods did rulers of Land-Based empires use to legitimize and justify their power in the time c. 1450-1750?*

Rulers of Land-Based empires in the period circa 1450-1750 often used religious ideologies, such as divine right or the mandate of heaven, to justify their authority. Additionally, they used elaborate court rituals, patronage of the arts, and monumental architecture to visually demonstrate their legitimacy and power to their subjects and neighboring states. (e.g. Religious ideas: Mexica practice of human sacrifice, European notion of divine rights of monarch,) (e.g. Art & Monumental Architecture: Qing imperial portraits, Incan Sun Temple of Cuzco, Mughal Taj Mahal, European palaces, such as Versailles)

What methods did rulers of Land-Based empires use to raise money to pay for their expansion in the time c. 1450-1750?*

Rulers of Land-Based empires in the period circa 1450-1750 used various methods to raise funds for their expansion, including taxation (tax farming), tribute from conquered territories, and state monopolies on key industries. They also often engaged in warfare and conquest to seize additional wealth and resources from neighboring regions, further financing their expansionist ambitions. (e.g. Tax-collection systems: Mughal zamindar tax collection, Ottoman tax farming, Mexica tribute lists, Ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency)

What were some of the maritime technologies that helped usher in Europe's Age of Exploration?*

The developments included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and current patterns--all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible. (e.g. Innovations in ship design: Caravel, Currack, Fluyt, Dhows; e.g. Navigational technologies: Lateen Sail, Magnetic Compass, Astronomical charts, Sternpost Rudder)

Describe the role of crops & animals of the Americas played within the Columbian Exchange.*

American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Diets, life expectancy and standard of living improved in various parts of Afro-Eurasia. (e.g. Corn, Potatoes, Tomatoes, Rubber Tree, Yams)

How did Spain establish and extend its influence over its colonies in the Americas (Latin America)?*

Often using lethal and horrific methods, Spanish 'conquistadors' waged direct and indirect war against indigenous populations. Once defeated, indigenous populations left alive would be forced into various coerced labor systems in an attempt to extract resources from the land. (e.g. Examples of Conquistadors: Hernán Cortés, Fransisco Pizzaro)

How did the establishment of Maritime Empires and continued growth of long-distance trade impact Africa states in the time c. 1450-1750?*

The establishment of Maritime Empires and the expansion of long-distance trade networks had varied impacts on African states in the period circa 1450-1750. While some African states, particularly those along the coast, benefited economically through increased trade and access to new goods, others faced challenges such as competition for control of trade routes, European colonization, and the devastating effects of the transatlantic slave trade, leading to political instability and social disruption in many regions. (e.g states that benefited - Asante and the Kingdom of the Kongo)

What was the status of the Indian Ocean Trade Network in the time c. 1450-1750?*

African and Asian merchants continued to flourish, despite European disruption to the power structure and organization of the existing trade networks of the Indian Ocean(e.g. - Indian Ocean Asian merchants: Swahili Arabs, Omanis, Gujaratis, Javanese)

Describe the economies established in the Americas by Maritime Empires in the time c. 1450-1750.*

Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on cash crops, using existing forced labor systems or developing new ones. These forced labor systems were used in either cash crop cultivation or the extraction of natural resources (particularly silver). (e.g. Examples of labor systems: the Incan Mit'a system now run by the Spanish, and new labor systems including chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and encomienda and hacienda systems.)

Describe the cultural synthesis that developed as a result of the establishment of maritime empires c. 1450-1750.*

The establishment of maritime empires between 1450 and 1750 led to significant cultural synthesis as diverse people and traditions came into contact through trade, conquest, forced labor and colonization. This interaction resulted in the blending of languages, religions, and artistic styles, seen in phenomena like the spread of Christianity in the Americas and Africa, the incorporation of European, African, and Indigenous elements in Latin American culture, and the fusion of Asian and European influences in art and architecture. (e.g. - Vodoun, Obeah, Dia de Los Muertos)

How were consumer goods and food produced in the era c. 1450-1750?*

Peasant and artisan labor continued and intensified in many regions as the demand for food and consumer goods increased. (e.g. - Increased peasant and artisan labor: Western Europe--wool and linen, India--cotton, China--silk)

How did conquered people react to the expansion of Maritime Empires in the time c. 1450-1750?*

State expansion and centralization led to resistance from many conquered groups. (e.g. Pueblo Revolts, Fronde, Cossack revolts, Maratha Conflict with Mughals, Ana Nzinga's resistance (as ruler of Ndongo and Matamba), Metacom's War (King Philip's War)

How did enslaved people react to the expansion of control by Maritime Empires in the time c. 1450-1750?*

Slave resistance challenged existing authorities in the Americas. (e.g. - Slave Resistance: Maroon societies in the Caribbean and Brazil, Stono Rebellion)

As both Land-Based and Maritime-Based Empires expanded their territory, how did they deal with the ever-growing cultural diversity of their populations in the time c. 1450-1750?*

As Land-Based and Maritime-Based Empires expanded their territories between 1450 and 1750, they dealt with the growing cultural diversity of their populations through a mix of policies promoting tolerance, assimilation, and control. Empires like the Ottoman and Mughal practiced religious and cultural tolerance to a degree, incorporating diverse peoples into their societies, while others, like the Spanish in the Americas, often enforced cultural assimilation and conversion to Christianity to integrate conquered populations.. (e.g. - Expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal; the acceptance of Jews in the Ottoman Empire, Restrictive policies against Han Chinese in Qing China,)

Describe how the expansion of empires changed the level of influence which traditional elites had on societies c. 1450-1750.*

The power of traditional elites within the social hierarchy was limited as they confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of increasingly powerful monarchs and a new class of wealthy people that arose from new trade. (e.g. - Existing Elites: Ottoman timars, Russian boyars, European nobility (Nobles of the Sword)

How did the Enlightenment impact gender rights?*

While gender rights were ignored by many Enlightenment thinkers, some demands for women's suffrage and feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies during the Enlightenment. (e.g. - Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Olympe de Gouges's Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen, Seneca Falls Conference (1848) organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott)

Describe the Atlantic Revolutions.*

Inspired by the Enlightenment and liberal thought, colonial subjects in the Americas and subjects to the French monarchs led a series of rebellions inspired by democratic ideals. The American Revolution, successful separation from its colonial masters, was a model and inspiration for a number of the revolutions that followed. (e.g. other Atlantic Revolutions: French Revolution, Haitian Revolution, Latin American independence movements)

Why did nationalism sometimes lead to calls for political unifications (c. 1750-1900)?*

Often there were demands calling for a political unification of those sharing a common national identity. These national communities sharing common language, religion, and customs often desired to link their national identity with borders of their own state. (e.g. - German and Italian unifications, Ottomanism)

Why did nationalism sometimes lead to calls for sovereignty for groups within larger empires (c.1750-1900)?*

These nationalists challenged existing boundaries within larger empires, calling for self-determination and sovereignty for new nations to be carved out from multinational empires. (e.g. - Maori nationalism and the New Zealand wars, Puerto Rico, Balkan nationalisms (vs. Austria-Hungary))

Describe how the First Industrial Revolution led to a shift of the worldwide balance of power.*

The rapid development of industry in Europe and the U.S. contributed to the increase in their share of global manufacturing and economic power. However, Middle Eastern and Asian countries lost some of their share in global manufacturing. (e,g. - Decline of Middle Eastern and Asian share in manufacturing: Shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia, Iron works in India, Textile production in India)

Describe the impacts of the transportation and communication innovations of the Industrial Revolution.*

New innovations in transportation and communication made exploration, economic growth, and communication possible, which led to increased trade and migration. Eventually, these innovations will also allow European states to extend their control over places in Africa and Asia. (e.g. of innovations: Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph)

How did industrialization grow outside of Europe?*

As the Industrial Revolution grew, a small number of states promoted their own government organized version of industrialization. (e.g. - State-sponsored industrialization: Muhammad Ali's development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt, Meiji Restoration in Japan)

How did limited-liability corporations (LLCs) change the size and scope of business operations c. 1750-1900?*

The global nature of trade and production along with the need for vast amounts of investment to fund contributed to the growth of these multinational LLCs. (e.g. - Multinational LLCs: Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC), Unilever Corporation)

Contrast settler colonies and 'tropical dependencies' c. 1750-1900?*

Tropical Dependency: (Tropical Dependencies: e.g.- British West Africa & The Congo, Belgian Congo, French West Africa)

(Settlement Colonies: e.g. - New Zealand, South Africa).

Describe the export economies used by imperial nations(c. 1750-1900)*

Between 1750 and 1900, imperial nations developed export economies in their colonies to maximize profits by exploiting local resources and labor. These economies were centered around the extraction and export of raw materials. Colonies were often transformed into monoculture economies, focusing on a single cash crop or resource for export. This system disrupted local economies and societies, which had been largely focused on subsistence agriculture previously, leading to economic dependency on the imperial powers. (e.g. - Palm oil trade in West Africa, Guano industries in Peru and Chile, Diamonds from Africa)

What were some commodities sought after during the Age of Imperialism?(c. 1750-1900)*

Trade in some commodities was organized in a way that gave merchants and companies based in Europe and the U.S. a distinct economic advantage (e.g. - Opium produced in the Middle East or South Asia and exported to China, Cotton grown in S. Asia and Egypt and exported to Great Britain and other European countries, Palm oil produced in sub-Saharan Africa and exported to European countries, Copper extracted in Chile)

What were Ethnic Enclaves and why did they develop? (c. 1750-1900)*

Migrants often created little ethnic communities in different parts of the world that helped transplant their culture into new environments. (e.g. - Chinese in Southeast Asia, South America, and North America, Indians in East and Southern Africa, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia, Irish in North America, Italians in North and South America)

How did receiving societies typically respond to foreign migration circa 1750-1900?*

Receiving societies did not typically embrace immigrants, as seen in the various degrees of ethnic and racial prejudice. Seeing the rise of nativism, governments attempted to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders. (e.g. - White Australian Policy, Chinese Exclusion Acts)

What were the causes of the Russian Revolution (1917)?

The Russian Revolution of 1917 was driven by a combination of long-term and immediate causes. Long-term factors included widespread dissatisfaction with the autocratic rule of the Tsars, severe economic inequality, and the hardships faced by the peasantry and working class. Immediate triggers were the immense social and economic strains caused by World War I, which exacerbated food shortages, military defeats, and high casualties, leading to a loss of confidence in the government. Additionally, political repression and the failure of reforms further fueled public discontent, culminating in the revolutionary upheaval.

Describe some of the causes and outcomes of the Chinese Revolution of 1911.*

The Chinese Revolution of 1911 was sparked by discontent with the Qing Dynasty's corruption, ineffective governance, and inability to modernize China as well as threats from foreign domination. (e.g. - Taiping Rebellion, Opium Wars, Boxer Rebellion, Sino-Japanese War. It led to the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty, the establishment of the Republic of China under Sun Yat-sen's leadership, and marked the end of over two millennia of imperial rule in China. Ultimately the Communista, led by Mao Zedong, will overthrow the Nationalist government following a civil war.

How did governments react to the economic disaster after WWI?*

Following World War I and the onset of the Great Depression, governments began to take a more active role in economic life. (e.g. - The New Deal, The fascist corporatist economy)

Why and where did nationalist groups lead Anti-Imperial Resistance (Post WWI)?*

Influenced by Western ideas, struggling for self-determination and responding to European imperialism led to a rise in nationalism across the globe after WWI. (e.g. - Indian National Congress, West African resistance to French rule)

What led to many of the mass atrocities perpetrated during the 20th century?*

The rise of extremist groups in power led to the attempted destruction of specific populations, notably the Nazi killing of the Jews in the Holocaust during World War II, and to other atrocities, acts of genocide, or ethnic violence. (e.g. - Armenians in Ottoman Empire during and after WWI, Cambodia during the 1970's, Tutsi in Rwanda in the 1990s, Ukraine in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s)

Describe the Non-Aligned Movement*

Groups and individuals, including the Non-Aligned Movement, opposed and promoted alternatives to being under the influence of the US or USSR. It presented a "third path"; avoiding involvement in the Cold War was intended to help maintain and increase economic progress (by accepting economic aid from both sides). (e.g. - Sukarno in Indonesia, Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana)

What were Proxy Wars*?

During the Cold War, many local or regional wars erupted in which the US and/or USSR armed, trained, and financed the combatants. The USA and USSR did not directly engage in armed conflict during these incidents, instead using nations that were under their respective spheres of influence to fight battles with dire consequences for the indigenous populations. (e.g. - Korean War, Angolan Civil War, Sandinista-Contras conflict in Nicaragua)

In what places outside China, USSR and eastern Europe did socialism grow and in what ways did the states pursue socialist reforms?*

Movements to redistribute land and resources from the wealthy elite to the lower working classes. developed within states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, sometimes advocating communism or socialism. (e.g. - Communist Revolution for Vietnamese independence, Mengistu Haile Mariam in Ethiopia, Land reform in Kerala and other states within India, White Revolution in Iran, Castro in Cuba)

After World War II, what role did nationalist parties and leaders play in decolonization?*

Nationalist leaders and parties in Asia and Africa sought autonomy or independence from imperial rule. (e.g. - Indian National Congress, Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam, Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana, Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt)

During the era of decolonization (Post WWII), in what ways was independence achieved in places where European populations were small?*

After the end of World War II, colonies with small European populations often negotiated their independence avoiding conflict between colonizers and the subjugated people. (e.g. - India from the British Empire, The Gold Coast from the British Empire, French West Africa)

During the era of decolonization (Post WWII), in what ways was independence achieved in places where European populations were significant?*

After the end of World War II, colonies with significant European populations often achieved independence through armed conflict against the military of their European colonizer. Often the colonizers were funded and supported with Cold War allegiances to the US or USSR. (e.g. - Algeria from the French empire, Angola from the Portuguese empire, Vietnam from the French empire)

What were some of the consequences of redrawing political boundaries during the process of decolonization (Post WWII)?*

The redrawing of political boundaries which often ignored lines of nationality, language, religion, etc in some cases led to conflict as well as population displacement and/or resettlements, including those related to the Partition of India and the creation of the state of Israel. (e.g. - Israel, Cambodia, Pakistan)

How did Metropoles impact migration post WWII?*

The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles (the former colonizing country), usually in the major cities, maintained cultural and economic ties between the colony and the metropole even after the dissolution of empires. This migration will lead to widespread growing ethnic and religious diversity within the populations of former imperial powers. (e.g. - South Asians to Britain, Algerians to France, Filipinos to the United States)

Describe the role(s) that governments often took in the economic life of newly independent nations (Post WWII)*

In newly independent states after World War II, governments often took on a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development. (e.g. - Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt, Indira Gandhi in India, Julius Nyerere in Tanzania, Sirimavo Bandaranaike in Sri Lanka)

In states struggling to create stability following decolonization, describe some of the extreme methods used by dictators to create stability.*

In the post-decolonization era, political instability and chaos were often met with intensified conflict as newly independent states grappled with internal power struggles, ethnic tensions, and economic challenges. Some individuals and groups intensified the conflicts in an effort to establish order, minimize the influence of political opponents and establish dominance over perceived and real enemies. (e.g. -Examples of rising conflict to establish order - Chile under Augusto Pinochet, Uganda under Idi Amin, Spain under Fransisco Franco)

For what reason and in what ways did some groups use violence against civilians during the late 20th and early 21st Centuries?*

Some movements of the 20th and 21st Centuries used terrorism against civilians to challenge the existing power structures. The purpose of terrorism is to instill fear and achieve political, ideological, or religious objectives through the use of violence or threats against civilians and symbolic targets. (e.g. - Shining Path, Al-Qaeda)

Describe free-market policies of the latter half of the 20th century*

In a trend accelerated by the end of the Cold War, many governments encouraged free-market economic policies and promoted economic liberalization by reducing tariffs, creating free trade zones, in the late 20th century (e.g. - USA under Ronald Reagan, Britain under Margaret Thatcher, Chile under Augusto Pinochet)

Describe economic institutions associated with free-market economies in the 20th century*

Changing economic institutions, multinational corporations, and regional trade agreements reflected the spread of principles and practices associated with free-market economics throughout the world. (e.g. - World Trade Organization [WTO], North American Free Trade Agreement [NAFTA], Association of Southeast Asian Nation [ASEAN])

Describe reactions during the 20th and 21st centuries to the environmental and economic issues that developed as a response to industrialization*

Movements throughout the world protested the inequality and harm done to the environment and the economic consequences of a globalized world. (e.g. - Greenpeace, Professor Wangari Maathai's Green Belt Movement in Kenya, World Fair Trade Organization)

Describe why some groups and individuals resisted the global economic system created after WWII.*

Some groups and individuals resisted the global economic system created after WWII due to concerns about economic inequality, exploitation of labor, and environmental degradation associated with capitalist practices. Others resisted on cultural and ideological grounds, perceiving globalization as a threat to local traditions, identities, and sovereignty in the face of increasing Western influence.(e.g. - Anti-IMF and anti-World Bank activism, Battle for Seattle)