ANPS - CNS Organization

Dural Partition

in 3 areas a sheet of dura inserts between subdivisions of brain, providing support

Falx Cerebri

in the midline of brain, supports two halves of cerebrum

Tentorium cerebelli

between the cerebellum and posterior cerebrum

Dural Sinus

venous blood flows through separations in dura on its way out of skull; collects into jugular vein

Internal carotid artery

branches of common carotid artery; supply blood to anterior brain structures

Vertebral artery

travels through the vertebrae, supply blood to posterior brain structures and brainstem

Circle of Willis

network of blood vessels on the ventral surface of the brain; joins anterior and posterior circulations

Anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries

supply the cerebrum and diencephalon; they're paired vessels branching off the Circle of Willis

Basilar artery

supply the brainstem and cerebellum; unpaired

Blood Brain Barrier

acts as a filter for blood entering the brain, tight junctions between cells only allow certain particles through

Ischemic stroke

insufficient flow to area (blockage in vessel)

Hemorrhagic stroke

rupture of blood vessel in or around brain

Angiogram

dye injected into bloodstream, X ray or CT used to view the tract of blood and see any abnormalities

Cerebrospinal fluid

a clear filtrate of blood that can enter into the brain

Choroid plexus

specialized ependymal cells that produce CSF

Ependymal cells

a type of glial cell in the CNS that line most structures

Subarachnoid space

gap between Arachnoid mater and pia mater

Arachnoid granulations

extensions of the arachnoid into the dura

Hydrocephalus

accumulation of CSF in ventricular system; serious in adults who have fused skulls = compresses brain tissue

Spinal tap

used to collect samples of CSF; needling inserted between L4 and L5 vertebrae

how CSF interacts with blood

choroid plexus creates CSF from blood -> arachnoid granulations return it to blood

path of blood flow in the brain

lateral ventricle -> 3rd ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct -> subarachnoid space

Ectoderm

the layer of embryonic cells that becomes the skin and nervous system

mesoderm

layer of embryonic cells that become connective tissues, muscle, and bone

endoderm

layer of embryonic cells that becomes the lining of organs

Neural plate

midline region of the ectoderm

Neural tube

when the top folds of the neural groove join together, neural crest cells around the tube

neural tube cells

form the CNS; brain, spinal cord, and glial cells

Neural crest

the top folds of the neural groove created in the neural plate

Neural crest cells

form the PNS; ganglia, support cells, adrenal medulla, digestive system neurons, meninges (Pia and arachnoid)

Neural tube closure

closure of the tube begins in the middle of the neural tube and spreads in both directions simultaneously

Primary brain vesicles

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain; formed at the rostral end of the neural tube

Forebrain

become cerebrum and diencephalon

Midbrain

forms the midbrain

Hindbrain

becomes the pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata

Secondary brain vesicles

cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata; all formed from the primary vesicles

Cerebrum

highest functions, thinking/feeling/planning

Diencephalon

autonomic regulation, relay to cortex

Brainstem

functions vital for survival; includes midbrain/pons/medulla oblongata

Cerebellum

coordination of movement

Spina bifida

malformation of the caudal tube; spinal cord abnormalities and vertebral/limb/trunk issues

Anencephaly

malformation of the rostral tube; brain/brainstem abnormalities and skull nerve issues

Cerebral Cortex

the outermost part of the cerebrum

Gray Matter

processing stations, where integration of information occurs

White matter

axons traveling together

Corpus Callosum

large bundle of neurons that connect the left and right side of the brain; connects each neuron on one side to at least one neuron on the other side

Internal Capsule

the axons that connect the cerebral cortex to other parts of the CNS

Corona Radiata

long vertical axons that connect the cortex to the brainstem and spinal cord