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contentious

Contentious politics is ? in the sense that they involve the collective making of claims that, if realized, would conflict with someone else's interests;

politics

Contentious politics is ? in the sense that governments of one sort or another figure in the claim making, whether as claimants, objects of claims, allies of the objects, or monitors of the contention.

Episodic

Elements of Contentious Politics:

E? - Occurs in public

Claim makers

Elements of Contentious Politics:

C? - Interaction between makers of claim and others

Involvement of the Government

Elements of Contentious Politics:

I? of the G? - Government as mediator, target, and even claimants as well.

Contention

C? greatly increases with democratization

Social Movements

S? M? thrive in Democracies

- They benefit from the (always incomplete) rights to associate, to assemble, and to speak that expand with democratization.

democracies

D? also contain contention dramatically, significantly decreasing the frequency and intensity of collective violence in public politics.

Collective violence

- Immediately inflicts physical damage on persons and/or objects ("damage" includes forcible seizure of persons or objects over restraint or resistance);

Collective violence

- Involves at least two perpetrators of damage; and

- Results at least in part from coordination among persons who perform the damaging acts.

Democracy, social movements

Same processes that promote D? also promotes s?:

(a) increases in the numbers and connections among potential political participants

(b) equalization of resources and connections among potential political participants

(c) insulation of public politics from existing social inequalities

(d) integration of

(e) interpersonal solidarities into public politics.

• Broadening and equalizing rights within public politics

Idea people, Behaviour people, Relation people

Observers of human violence are divided into three camps

I?
B?
R?

Idea people

Three camps of observers of human violence:

Consciousness as the basis of human action.

➢ Ideas are acquired from environments and act according to these ideas.

➢ Ideas about others' worth affect an individual or group's propensity for violence.

➢ To prevent violence = Eliminate destructive/violent ideas.

Behaviour people

Three camps of observers of human violence:

➢ Motives, impulses, and opportunities.

○ Evolution as the origin of aggressive action - individual or collective.

○ Need and Incentives for Domination et.c

○ Economist position

➢ Reductionist position in general

➢ All collective phenomena sum up nothing but individual behaviors or even the impacts of particular genes.

➢ violence rises or falls mainly in response to changes in two factors:

(a) socially imposed control over motives

(b) socially created opportunities to express those motives.

Relation people

➢ Transactions among people as central

➢ Personalities and practices are developed through interchanges with other humans.

(a) Negotiation - Motives, impulses, opportunities

(b) Creativity - Ideas

➢ Collective Violence as Conversation

➢ Restraining violence depends

Marxists, Liberals

Two types of combinational observers

M?
L?

Marxists

Combinational Observers

M?

➢ Shared interests

(a) Prevailing ideas

(b) Interest-behavior

➢ Violence as a product and promoted class interests.

➢ Relations are central but relations interact with behaviour and ideas.

Liberals

Combinational Observers

L?

➢ Ideas generate behaviours and social relations

➢ Ideas and behaviour as primary while relations are secondary

multiplicity, independent centers

Crucial features of the political opportunity structure:

• the m? of i? c? of power within the regime;

closure, openness, actors

Crucial features of the political opportunity structure
➢ its relative c? or o? to new a?;

instability, stability, political alignments

Crucial features of the political opportunity structure
➢ the i? or s? of current p? a?;

availability, allies

Crucial features of the political opportunity structure
➢ the a? of influential a?;

extent, represses, facilitates

Crucial features of the political opportunity structure
➢ the e? to which the regime r? or f? collective claim making;

Decisive changes

Crucial features of the political opportunity structure
D? c? in these properties.

Contentious Repertoires

• Arrays of performances that are currently known and available within some set of political actors.

Contentious Repertoires

• The theatrical metaphor of the repertoire calls attention to the clustered, learned, yet improvisational character of people's interactions as they make and receive each other's claims

Examples: strikes, slowdowns, lockouts, contract negotiations, grievance hearings, and third-party mediation all belong to the claim-making repertoires that connect bosses and workers Weak repertoires, Ritual Performances, Strong Repertoires.

Weak Repertoires, Ritual Performances, Strong Repertoires

Three types of Contentious Repertoires

W? R?
R? P?
S? R?

Weak Repertoires

This is a type of contentious repertoire that refer to arrays of known claim-making performances that are not strongly established, ritualized, or habituated among political actors

Strong Repertoires

This is a type of contentious repertoire that consist of familiar, standardized routines of claim-making that political actors have learned and can "play" effectively

Ritual Performances

This is a type of contentious repertoire that are highly regularized and scripted displays of power that have settled into a standard routine over time

Social Movements

This consists of a sustained challenge to power holders in the name of a population living under the jurisdiction of those power holders by means of public displays of that population's worthiness, unity, numbers, and commitment.

• Developed in the west in 1750.

• Emerged as a synthesis of three elements:

• Campaigns

• Repertoires of association

• Public Self-representation

Campaign

• A sustained, organized public effort making collective claims on targeted authorities.

• Unlike a one-time petition, declaration, or mass meeting, this extends beyond any single event

• Links 3 parties

• Self-designated claimants

• Objects of claims

• The Public

Associational Repertoires

• Organizational routines that are produced by concrete and contingent aims of Special-purpose associations.

Public Self-Representation

Institutions

Constrain and enable contentious politics and different kinds of regimes produce different configurations of contention.

Contentious performances

Are relatively familiar and standardized ways in which one set of political actors makes collective claims on some other set of political actors: CLAIMANTS AND OBJECTS OF CLAIM

Example:
Demonstration
Hostage-taking
Petition

Modular performances

Generic forms that can be adapted to a variety of local and social circumstances.

Examples
Internet based call to action
Demonstration

Demonstration

Types of contentious performances:

Most common contentious performance

The orderly passage through public space of an organized collectivity on behalf of some claim, identity, or program (Tilly and Tarrow 2006, 12-16)

Public Self-Representation

Movement participants make concerted public representations of worthiness, unity, numbers, and commitment on the part of themselves and/or their constituencies.

Worthiness

THE WUNC FRAMEWORK (part of public self-representation)

W? - social demeanor, neat clothing, presence of clergy, dignitaries, and mothers with children

Unity

THE WUNC FRAMEWORK (part of public self-representation)

U? - matching badges, headbands, banners, or costumes, marching in ranks, singing and chanting

Numbers

THE WUNC FRAMEWORK (part of public self-representation)

N? - headcounts, signatures on petitions, messages from constituents, filling streets

Commitment

THE WUNC FRAMEWORK (part of public self-representation)

C? - braving bad weather, visible participation by the old and handicapped, resistance to repression, ostentious sacrifice, subscription, and/or benefaction

Political Process Tradition

Dynamics of Contention

P? P? T? (60s to 80s)

Views contention within the mechanisms of engagement with structures

Social structures- Structural Imbalances

Cultural Turn

Dynamics of Contention

C? T? (90s)

Criticized the instrumental bias of political process tradition (structure)

Reinserted factors of discourse, identity, framing, emotion etc. (Agency)

Mechanisms

Delimited events that change relations among specified sets of elements in identical or closely similar ways over a variety of situations.

Dispositional mechanisms

Types of mechanisms

Operate at the individual level as in the well known self-fulfilling prophecy

Environmental Mechanisms

Types of mechanisms

At the level of externally generated shifts between the structure or process of concern and surrounding structures and processes like resource depletion

Relational mechanisms

Types of mechanisms

Mechanisms that alter connections among people, groups,
and interpersonal networks.

Mobilization

This consists in a number of interacting mechanisms starting from the environmental ones that have been broadly labeled “social change processes” passing through cognitive and relational mechanisms such as attribution of opportunity and threat, social appropriation, framing of the dispute and arraying of innovative forms of collective action.

Coalition formation

Weak social and political actors combine in order to face powerful, entrenched opponents

Coalitions- collaborative

Means-oriented arrangements that permit distinct organizational entities to pool resources in order to effect change

Polarization

Widening of political and social space between claimants in a contentious episode and the gravitation of previously uncommitted or moderate actors towards one, the other, or both extremes,

separated

Social science writings cannot be s? from the objective reality that social scientists attempt to understand

Ideology

I? influences the position of the Social Scientists most especially in times when the interests of the social scientists is in direct contradiction with its object.

Symbolic Violence

It is the image of opposition among groups in society

Necessitates the elimination of the other

Conflict

It is the most extensively researched topic in social science

Social sciences

It have played an important role in conceptualizing the contradiction between state and civil society

Two ends of knowledge

To transform, modify, move or manipulate any part of "pure" nature or nature that has already been extensively modified.

➢ Sharing and transmission of meaning

study

The social scientist is related to his/her object of ?

➢ Advancement of judgement and solutions which become part of the ideological commitment of the scientist.

Capitalist Globalization

Consequences of ?

➢ Development took the form of Dependence/Interdependence

➢ South became more dependent

○ Absence of political alignment

○ poor countries are no longer in control of their resources

New World Order

N? W? O?

➢ Introduced a more external forces (democratization & liberalization) will lead to development

➢ There is no critical assessment from social sciences

○ Pre|judging and defining of the discourse come from the policy-makers,

conflicts, New Economic Order.

Continued Relevance of Social Science in Conflict Analysis:

➢ Social Scientists are part of society, and therefore, its c?.

➢ The sócial dimension of development is still relevant due to the limited *development" brought about by the policies of the N? E? O?

Competing

The Five Conflict Handling Modes:

C?

➢ Assertive and uncooperative, a power-oriented mode.

➢ When c?, an individual pursues his or her own concerns at the other person’s expense, using whatever power seems appropriate to win his or her position.

➢ C? might mean standing up for your rights, defending a position you believe is correct, or simply trying to win.

Collaborating

The Five Conflict Handling Modes:

C?

➢ Both assertive and cooperative.

➢ An individual attempts to work with the other person to find a solution that fully satisfies the concerns of both.

➢ It involves digging into an issue to identify the underlying concerns of the two individuals and to find an alternative that meets both sets of concerns.

➢ Might take the form of

★ Exploring a disagreement to learn from each other’s insights

★ Resolving same condition that would otherwise have them competing for resources

★ Or confronting and trying to find a creative solution to an interpersonal problem.

Compromising

The Five Conflict Handling Modes

C?

➢ Intermediate in both assertiveness and cooperativeness.

➢ And individual has the objective of finding an expedient, mutually acceptable solution that partially satisfies both parties.

➢ Falls on a middle ground between competing and accommodating, giving up more than competing but less than accommodating.

➢ It addresses an issue more directly than avoiding but doesn’t explore it in as much depth as collaborating.

➢ Forms:

Splitting the difference

Exchanging concessions

Or seeking a quick middle-ground position.

Avoiding

The Five Conflict Handling Modes

A?

➢ Unassertive and uncooperative.

➢ An individual does not immediately pursue his or her own concerns or those of the other person.

➢ He or she does not address the conflict.

➢ Forms:

○ diplomatically sidestepping an issue.

○ postponing an issue until a better time;

○ or simply withdrawing from a threatening situation.

Accommodating

The Five Conflict Handling Modes

A?

➢ Unassertive and cooperative– the opposite of competing.

➢ An individual neglects his or her own concerns to satisfy the concerns of the other person; there is an element of self-sacrifice in this mode.

➢ Forms:

○ selfless generosity or charity,

○ obeying another person's order when you would prefer not to, or yielding to another's point of view.

Conflict

An incompatible interaction between at least two actors, whereby one of the actors experiences damage, and the other actor causes this damage intentionally, or ignores it.

Conflict Analysis

C? A?

○ Can support orientation for future action.

○ Can be used individually or in a participatory manner in a group.

○ The analysis does not lead to an objective understanding of the conflict.

○ It makes one's subjective perceptions transparent. This way they can be reflected on and clearer communicated.

Conflict analysis

This can entail:

1. Verifying if one is dealing with a conflict

2. Determining the conflict system boundaries.

3. Using conflict analysis tools to focus on certain aspects of the conflict and organize information.

Harvard Approach, Human Needs Theory, Conflict Transformation

What are the three worldviews in conflict approach?

H? A?
H? N? T?
C? T?

Harvard Approach

Worldviews in Conflict Analysis:

H? A?

Positions - what people say they want

Interests - Why people want what they want

Human Needs Theory

Worldviews in Conflict Analysis:

H? N? T?

● Conflict are caused by basic "universal" human needs that are not satisfied.

Conflict Transformation

Worldviews in Conflict Analysis:

C? T?

● Conflicts as destructive or constructive interactions, depending on how conflicts are dealt with or "transformed".

Conflict Wheel

Conflict Analysis Tools:

This is a "meta" conflict analysis tool, introducing the others tools.

Aim

○ To organize the other conflict analysis looks

○ To serve as an overview when first approaching a conflict.

Actors/Relations

Six dimensions of the Conflict Wheel that help in identifying conflict:

A? R?

○ “parties" are people, organizations or countries involved in a conflict.

Issues

Six dimensions of the Conflict Wheel that help in identifying conflict:

I?

the topics of the conflict, what people discuss or fight about.

Dynamics

Six dimensions of the Conflict Wheel that help in identifying conflict:

D?

○ the escalation level of the conflict, the intensity of interaction, the "temperament" and the energy of a conflict that transforms people.

Context/Structures

Six dimensions of the Conflict Wheel that help in identifying conflict:

C? S?

○ outside the conflict system one is looking at

Causation

Six dimensions of the Conflict Wheel that help in identifying conflict:

C?

differentiate between different causes, or influence factors,

Options/Strategies

Six dimensions of the Conflict Wheel that help in identifying conflict:

O? S?

○ ways to deal with the conflict, strategies that are used or could be used, conflict party or third party efforts to de-escalate the conflict.

Conflict Tree

Conflict Analysis Tools:

● A visualizing and sorting tool.

● It visualises the interaction between structural, manifest and dynamic factors.

○ The r? symbolise structural "static" factors.

○ The t? represents the manifest issues, linking structural factors with the dynamic factors.

○ The l? moving in the wind represent the dynamic factors.

Conflict Map

Conflict Analysis Tools:

Simplifies a conflict, and serves to visualize

○ the actors and their "power", or their influence on the conflict,
○ the conflict theme or issues.

● Aim:

○ To clarify relationships between actors

○ To visualize and reflect on the "power of various actors

○ To represent the conflict on one sheet of paper, to give a first conflict overview

Glasl’s Conflict Escalation Model

Conflict Analysis Tools:

Escalation is an increase in tension in a conflict

● escalation is a downward movement, where conflict parties get sucked into the conflict dynamics.

● This is not a linear movement, but one over a series of stairs and falls. Parties may stay in one phase for a while, before plummeting down to a further level of escalation.

● Aim:

○ To find out how escalated the conflict is.

○ To decide how to transform conflicts

Conflict Resolution

An attempt to resolve conflict outside the formal institutions of the judiciary systems/ outside of the courts.

Conflict resolution

● Broad term referring to a range of forms of resolving disagreements which may be manifested at different levels of society

● Aims to utilize knowledge of psychological processes to maximize the positive potential inherent in a conflict and to prevent its destructive consequences.

Non-violent, dominance, oppression, aims, human needs

Characteristics of a conflict resolution

N?

Avoids D? and O?

A? to meet h? n? rather than exploit

H? N?

Security, Identity, Self-determination, Quality of life

Characteristics of a conflict resolution

The four human needs?

S?

I?

S d?

Q L?

Conflict Resolution

In this, the aim is not to avoid conflict but rather to deal with it in a way which minimizes the negative impact and maximizes the positive potential inherent in conflict within the framework of the values of peace.

Cooperative endeavor

The principles of conflict resolution

1.) C? E? - The parties see the problem facing them as one on which they can collaborate to find a solution that suits them both

Integrative Solutions

The principles of conflict resolution

2.) I? S? - Solutions which meet the interests and needs of all parties, by offering a personal anecdote.

- all parties should be equally treated. Because of cooperation we can come up with solutions that could cater both interests.

Interest-Based Approach

The principles of conflict resolution

3.) I? B? A? - Focuses on interests underlying the conflict, pursuing a new and creative solution that is better than either of the parties initial positions

Non-violent process and outcomes

The principes of conflict resolution

4.) N? v? p? o? - Conflict resolution requires non-violent actions for the purposes of the previous principles to be effective. Any violent action to address conflict is not Conflict resolution

- having a neutral and non-violent process can achieve neutral and non-violent outcomes.

Building a cooperative orientation

Practical model in conflict resolution

➢ Ensure that parties are in a frame of mind to work together for an integrative solution.

➢ View conflict as normal, inevitable, and solvable, with the viewpoint that it is possible and preferable for all parties to "win."

Empathy, Reflection, Summarizing, Body language

Active listening for interests

Good active listening skills, involving:

○ E?

○ R?

○ S?

○ Attentive b? (Bolton, 1992)

are needed by the "listening” party in order to help the other party articulate the interests involved and to recognize that they have been heard.

Body Language

ACTIVE LISTENING FOR INTERESTS

B? L? - tells us more than the words you say.

Paralanguage

ACTIVE LISTENING FOR INTERESTS

P? - component of communication by speech, for example intonation, pitch and speed of speaking, hesitation noises, gesture, and facial expression.

Analysis, Communication

A? and C? of Needs

➢ As a party to the conflict, carefully analyze your interests at stake to better understand and express it in the most understandable manner.

➢ Carefully choose the framing of statements (ex: The use of "I" rather than "you" which can produce defensiveness)

Framing

F? - you are to focus the attentions of the both parties to the interest rather than everything that has been said.

Brainstorming

B? - ➢ The optimal solution is created from a consideration of both sets of interests.

➢ Joint ownership of the solution leads to more satisfaction with it

➢ Requires creative solutions:

○ Deferment of judgement

○ Quantity

○ Variety

Hydraulic theory of emotions

Role of Emotions
feelings "build up," creating pressure or tension which needs to be released or vented.

➢ Negative emotions (hurt, anger, depression, fear, anxiety) should be controlled and expresses only in a responsible manner