New Content Animal Phys Final

potassium secretion

coupled with Na reabsorption via Na/K pump and K leaky channels

rate of secretion controlled by aldosterone

increased blood level of K stimulates

adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone

increases Na reabsorption and K secretion due to increased expression of Na-K-ATPase pump

sodium moves from tubular fluid

across lumen into intersittial fluid (uses ATP)

hypo-osmotic urine

less concentrated and more H2O

diuresis

lots of dilute urine

antidiuresis

dehydrated, concentrated urine

water reabsorption is facilitated thru

tubules via aquaporins

all areas except ascending loop of henle

low blood pressure means

need water so ADH secretion will increase

homeostatic loop of ADH secretion

slow wave potentials

basic electrical rythmn of GI tract

spontaneous, rhthymic cycles of depolarization and repolarization

intersitital cells of cogal generates these potentials

spread via gap junctions

ocean teleost

hypoosmotic to water

what leaves ocean fishy

water by osmosis

salt and water in feces

extrusion of Cl- and active/passive loss Na

isomotic urine to plasma

what goes into ocean fisky

salt gain by diffusion

salt and water in food

salt and water ingested (saltwater)

slow wave potentials will move closer to threshold if

mechanical forces

neural signals

hormones

PNS in digestive tract

stimulates smooth msucle contraction to facilitate otility of foog bolus in gut

stimulates secretion of digestive enzymes/hormones

SNS in digestive tract

inhibits smooth muscle contraction directly by inhibiting slow wave potentials

prevents uncoordinated activity

small intestine is like

mixing drink

colon/large intestine

mixing bread

mouth

salivary amylase converts polysaccahrides into disaccharides and monosaccharides via hydrolysis

esophagus

transports food via peristaltic contractions of smooth msucle from oropharynx to somach

secretes mucus but does no active digestion or absorption

smooth msucle of lower esophageal sphincter prevents retrograde flow of acid

stoamch

massive mechanical (smooth muscle) and secretory region of digestive tract

stomach functions

storage of food and timed release/emptying into small intenstine (duodeneum) (pyloric sphincter=empyting)

mechanical agitation, mixing, and breakdown of food into chyme

secretion of HCl and digestive enzymes begin large food breakdown

gastric secretion

parietal cells secrete HCl into lumen

G cells secrete gastrin (hormone) into blood

cheif cells secrete pepsinogen into lumen, HCl cleaves pepsinogen into pepsin

mucus cells secrete thick alkaline mucus into luminal surface

parietal cells stimulated by

AcH, gastrin, histamine

G cells sitmulated by

stretch, AcH, protein

cheif cells sitmulated by

AcH

pepsin

enzyme that digests proteins

Liver functions

removes glucose form blood and stores as glycogen

processes fats and AAs

stores vitamins

detoxifies poison and drugs

make blood protein

Bile emulsidies fat thru

gastric motility and peristalsis in duodenum mic fats within lumen

bile salts are amphipathic

bile salts surround liquid droplets and break them into smaller droplets to facilitate absorbance

CCK is released by duodenum to sitmulate bile release when fats present in lumen

order of ums

duodenum

jejeneum

ileum

all small intestine

for amino acids

sympoters use secondary active transport

for small pepties

symporters use H dependent tertiary acitve transport

GLu and Gal absorbaed by

secondary active transport

SGLTs move via transport with Na

Glu and Gal exported from basal surface via

GLUT5 and move down concentration gradient into interstial capillaries

large intestine absorbas

Na, Cl, H2O, vitman K

large intestine Na absorption

actively

large instestine Cl absorption

passively

solid feces is composed of

undigested cellulose, bilirubin, bacteria, salt

defecation reflex

feces distends walls of rectum

stimulates stretch receptors

afferent signal

spinal cord

2 efferent signals

2 efferent signals of defecation reflex

inhibition of internal anal sphincter via PNS

stimulation of sigmoid colon and rectum via somatic innervation

three main functions of kidney

glomerular function

tubular secretion (K, H)

tubular reabsorption (Na, Cl, glucose, H2O)

glomerular ultrafiltrate

contains essentially all the constituents of the blood

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

volume of plsma filtered per unti time

intrnstic 1

juxtaglomerular apparatus which alters water reabsorption in response to filtrate osmorality via RAAS

intrinstic 2

myogenic mechanism where afferent arteriole vasoconstricts if BP to high

extrinstic

SNS activation will increase BP which increase GFR

RAAS

renin angiotensin II aldosterone system

renin

rate limiting enzyme

angiotensin II

hromone acting on blood vessels, pituitary and thirst

aldosterone

hormone acting on nephron Na reabsorption

systematic factors activating RAAS

decrease plasma NaCl

decrease BP

decrease ECF volume

increase sympathetic NS acitivty

myogenic mechanism

wall of afferent arteriole reflexively constricts when stretched

increases diameted

increases resistance ot flow

countercurrent multiplier of the LoH

creates vertical osmotic gradient

H secretion

regulates acid base balance in blood plasma (retain when blood basic and secrete when blood acidic)

H secreted in

PCT, DCT, CD

K secretion

maintains blood plasma cencentration to preserve mem excitability

controlled by aldosterone

coupled with Na reabsoption via Na/K oumo

diuresis (low ADH)

high removal of pure water from plasma producing high plasma solute concentration

voluminous dilute urine

antidiuresis (high ADH)

little removal of pure water from plasma

plasma solute unchnaged

small volume concentrated urine

homeostatic set point for ECF

300 mOsm

normal hydration

isotonic ECF

isotonic urine

overhydration

hypotonic ECF (<300 mOsm)

hypotonic high V, polyuria

dehydroation

hypertonic ECF (>300 mOsm)

hypertonic, low V, oliguria

freshwater telost

hyperosmtotic to water

leaves water water fishy

salt loss by diffusion

salts and water in feces

hypoosmotic urine to plasma

goes into water water fishy

salts and water in food

active uptake Na/Cl

water by osmosis

ectotherms

body temp and metabolic rate are positvely correlated

endotherms

produce heat metabolically or acitvely radiate heat

heterotherms

show chracteristics of both endo and ectotherms

pokilotherms

variable internal body temp that fall within a wide range of enviromental temps

wide homeostatic range for body temp

heterotherms

can switch between homeo and poikilo

homeotherms

maintain constant internal body temp, narrow homeostatic range for body temp

thermoneutral zone

where animals metabolic rate is lowest at temp

also tells you about basal metabolic rate

mammals are

homeotherms

where slopes interesct on x-axis is

animals programmed body temp

Q10

temperature coeff

rate at which a given physiological chnages with every 10 degrees

performance

speed, strength, muscle contraction

lighter people have

higher metabolic rates

allometric relationship

antartica fish have

antifreeze proteins