Unit 8- Quiz 1

8.1-8.2 --> Ecology Quiz 1 AP BIOLOGY

what is ethology?

this is the branch of biology that focuses on how animals behave in their natural environments, especially the behaviors that have been shaped by evolution

the study of how ________ processes shape ______ ___________ and the ways that animals _______ to specific ______

evolutionary, inherited behaviors, respond, stimuli

this is the definition for ETHOLOGY

what is an animal’s response to a stimulus?

behaviors

the stimuli can be what or what

internal (inside the body like hunger, pain, tiredness) or external (outside the body like temperature changes trigger the need to find shade or warmth)

what does nature mean in nature vs nurture

genetic behavior

what does nurture mean in nature vs nurture?

learned behavior

behaviors allow for what and what of individuals?

the survival and reproduction

behaviors are shaped by and subject to what

natural selection

what is proximate cause?

HOW a behavior occurs or HOW it is modified

what are some examples of proximate cause?

what stimulus causes the behavior?

how do experiences during growth and development influence the response? (“Nurture”)

what is an ultimate cause?

WHY a behavior occurs and what is its overall purpose

examples of ultimate cause

How does the behavior help animals to survive/reproduce?

What is the evolutionary basis of the behavior? “Nature”)

Proximate vs Ultimate Cause

• Proximate = the immediate mechanism (how it works)

• Ultimate = the evolutionary explanation (why it evolved)

Behaviors can either be what or what

innate (inherent or inborn) or learned

innate behaviors are

developmentally fixed

innate behaviors are ALSO what

instinctive and hereditary

the experiences during growth and developmental period have no obvious effect on this

learned behaviors depend on

environmental influences

learned behaviors are ALSO what

experiences DO have affect on these behaviors

high variation within a population (meaning different individuals in the same species learn differently creating high variation)

many behaviors have both what and what components

innate and learned components

what does FAPs stand for and what does it mean

Fixed action patterns

these are a sequence of not learned (so inborn) acts that are directly linked to a stimulus

fixed action patterns are innate or learned

they are INNATE

what happens when the behavior from the FAP is triggered by a stimulus and starts

it does not stop or end til what needs to be done is done (the actions are carried out to completion)

think of it like a preprogrammed code that has to finish fully the same way each time when it is triggered

the actions from FAPs are what

unchangeable

example of FAPs

stimulus: the color red on another male’s belly, unlike female who have silver bellies

behavior: the male stickleback fish immediately attacks

fixed part: it attacks even if the “opponent” is just a wooden model with a red underside

this is innate because the fish doesn’t learn what “red” means and the response is automatic and identical every time

a regular long-distance change in location

migration

what is migration triggered by

environmental cues

what are examples of environmental cues that trigger migration

sun’s position, earth’s magnetic field, celestial cues

a ____ generated and ______ from one _____ to another aka

stimulus, transmitted, animal,

aka animal communication

this is a SIGNAL

what are the different types of signals

they can be:

visual, auditory, tactile (sense of touch), electrical, or chemical

chemicals emitted by members of a species that can affect other members of the same species

pheromones

when a _____ to a stimulus serves as the ____ stimulus for a ___

response, next, behavior

this is a STIMULUS RESPONSE CHAINS

where are stimulus response chains seen in

in animal courtships

what is an example of body movement

waggle dance in bees

the three main types of signals

pheromones, stimulus response chains, body movements

movement towards or away from a stimulus

directed movements

kinesis _____ a directed movement and taxis _____ a directed movement

is not, is

what is kinesis?

change in rate of movement or the frequency of turning movement in response to a stimulus (NON-DIRECTIONAL)

so, the stimulus affects how much all living organisms move, not where it moves (so the direction is random, but the frequency of movement is impacted based on stimulus)

what is taxis

this is directional movement towards(positive) or away from (negative) a stimulus

what are the three types of taxis

phototaxis, chemotaxis, geotaxis

what is phototaxis

this is the movement of all living organisms in response to LIGHT

what is chemotaxis

this is the movement of all living organisms in response to CHEMICAL SIGNALS

what is geotaxis

this is the movement of all living organisms in response to GRAVITY

the difference between directed movement and taxis

directed movements= any movement with a purposeful direction

taxis= a directed movement where the direction is controlled directly by STIMULUS

the modification of behaviors based on specific experiences

learning

a long-lasting behavioral response to an individual

imprinting

when does imprinting happen

during the early period of development (like really early in life)

ex. ducks following their mother

establishing memories based on the _____ structure of the animal’s surroundings

spatial

spatial learning

some animals form a ______ or use _____ as environmental cues

cognitive map, landmarks

SPATIAL LEARNING

the ability to associate one environmental feature with another

associative learning (like pavlov’s dog- when the alarm rings I am to wake up)

learning through observations and imitations of the observed behaviors

social learning

(like seeing dance teacher dance and you follow that to get those behaviors)

natural selection ______ behaviors that increase survival and reproduction

favors

the food obtaining behavior

foraging

_____ better at foraging will have increased ____ ______

animals, survival rates

mating behaviors can be which two

monogamy or polygamy

what is monogamy

one partner- male and female pair

what is polygamy

individual with multiple mates

two types of polygamy

polygyny and polyandry

what is polygyny

one male with multiple females

what is polyandry

one female with multiple males

___________ behaviors tend to increase fitness

cooperative

(like predator warnings or pack behaviors)

selfless behavior

altruism

what does altruism cause

individual fitness is reduced, but the population fitness is increased

a directional response that allows plants to grow toward light sources

phototropism

allow plants to develop in response to daylength

photoperiodism

what is another way to think about photoperiodism

this is why some plants only bloom during spring/summer (longer days) vs fall/winter (shorter days)

what are two types of defense mechanisms that plants have

physical and chemical defenses

what are the physical defenses

thorns, trichomes (short plant hairs)

what are chemical defenses

the production of toxic or distasteful compounds

what composition can also cause plants to have a response and how

soil composition

the pH of soil can affect the coloring in some plants

nutrients are more available at certain _____

pH

the sum of all the organisms living in a given area and the abiotic factors they interact with

ecosystem

biotic factors

living components of and environment

abiotic factors

nonliving components of an environment

what is the 1st Law of thermodynamics

energy cannot be created nor destroyed, they can only be transformed

what is the 2nd Law of thermodynamics

exchanges in energy increase entropy of the universe and some energy gets lost as heat

energy is the ___ that keeps organisms alive

lifeblood

results in growth or energy storage for an organism

net gain of energy

leads to loss of mass and eventual death for an organism

net loss of energy

and organism”s _______ ______ is the total amount of energy used in time

metabolic rate

what is metabolic rate again

the total amount of energy used in a unit of time

how can metabolic rate be measured

calories, heat loss, O2 consumed, or CO2 produced

animal metabolic rate is related to what

body mass

smaller animals =

higher metabolic rate

big animal =

low metabolic rate

what is endotherms

the use of thermal energy from metabolism to maintain body temperature

they make their own heat

what is ectotherms

the use of external sources like the sun or the shade to regulate body temperature

they use outside heat

species can be grouped into ___ ____ based on their main source of ____ and ____

trophic levels, nutrition, energy

how much does the trophic levels change

starts at 100% and multiples by 1/10 each time going up

energy cannot be recycled once lost as heat(not resuable), it will not transfer to usable energy? how do we not run out of energy

the sun supplies energy to ecosystems

use light energy to syntehsize organic compounds

primary producers

liek plants, algae, phosynthetic plankton, cyanobacteria

some organisms are ______ and use energy from chemical reactions to create food

chemosynthetic

like many archaea, some bacteria

can not syntethsize food and rely on consumption of energy

heterotrophs

the four types of heterotrophs

primary consumers (herbivores), secondary consumers (carnivores that eat herbivores), tertiary consumers (carnivores that eat other carnivores), and decomposers (get energy from nonliving organic material)

what are two trophic structures of a community

food chains and food webs

what are food chains

show the transfer of energy up trophic levels (so one line and arrows up)

what are food webs

are linked food chains (kasaamusaa all over)

changes to energy flow at any trophic level can ____ ecosystems

disrupt

changes in energy resources can change ____ and____ of a trophic level

number, size

changes at which level can affect all trophic levels

the producer level (cuz they are the bottom most)

the amount of light energy that is converted to chemical energy

primary production

plants making biomass from sunlight (photosynthesis)