acid salt and bases

Acid — A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in water

Base — A substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH−) in water

Alkali — A base that dissolves in water

pH scale — A scale from 0–14 used to measure acidity or alkalinity

Neutral solution — A solution with pH 7

Acidic solution — A solution with pH less than 7

Basic solution — A solution with pH greater than 7

Neutralisation — Reaction between acid and base to form salt and water

Salt — Ionic compound formed from acid-base reaction

Indicator — Substance that changes colour to show acidity or alkalinity

Litmus paper — Indicator that turns blue to red in acid and red to blue in base

Organic acid — Acid from living things containing carbon

Inorganic acid — Acid not from living things

Examples of organic acids — Citric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid

Examples of inorganic acids — HCl, H2SO4, HNO3

Properties of acids — Sour taste, pH <7, turn blue litmus red, corrosive

Chemical properties of acids — React with metals, bases, carbonates

Properties of bases — Bitter taste, slippery, turn red litmus blue

Chemical properties of bases — React with acids, conduct electricity

Uses of acids — Fertilizers, batteries, cleaning, medicine

Uses of bases — Soap, detergents, toothpaste, antacids

Water role — Helps acids and bases dissociate into ions

Dissociation — Breaking into ions in water

Ion — Charged particle

Hydrogen ion — H+ responsible for acidity

Hydroxide ion — OH− responsible for basicity

Conductivity — Ability to conduct electricity

Acids conduct electricity — Because they have ions

Bases conduct electricity — Because they have ions

Types of salts — Normal salt, acidic salt, basic salt

Normal salt — Neutral (pH 7)

Acidic salt — pH less than 7

Basic salt — pH greater than 7

Formation of salt (neutralisation) — Acid + Base → Salt + Water

Formation with metals — Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen gas

Formation with carbonates — Acid + Carbonate → Salt + Water + CO2

Solution — Mixture of solute and solvent

Solute — Substance dissolved

Solvent — Liquid that dissolves solute

Concentration — Amount of solute in solution

Molarity — Moles per litre of solution

Dilute solution — Low amount of solute

Concentrated solution — High amount of solute

Mass percentage — (mass of solute / total mass) ×100

Volume percentage — (volume of solute / total volume) ×100

Molarity formula — M = moles / volume

Dilution formula — C1V1 = C2V2

pH importance — Helps in medicine, farming, environment, industry

pH paper — Used to test acidity or alkalinity

pH meter — Device used to measure pH accurately