Common Antibiotics

What are the categories of antimicrobials?

• Antibiotic

• Antifungal

• Antiviral

_________ is when drug that harms the pathogen and not the host.

Selective Toxicity

________ drugs functions against a wide variety of pathogens.

Broad spectrum

__________ drugs functions only against a particular group of pathogens.

Narrow spectrum

___________ drugs stop the growth of pathogens and relies on the host system to “finish” the job.

Bacteriostatic

__________ drugs kills the pathogen completely and is useful in serious immune functions or impaired host immunity.

Bactericidal

What are the common major bacterial targets?

• Inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis (cell wall)

• disrupt cell membrane

• inhibit DNA or RNA synthesis

• Inhibit protein synthesis

Beta-lactam antibiotics are bactericidal drugs, that function to __________ .

inhibit transpeptidase

None of the penicillin derivatives will kill _________.

MRSA

_________ is a narrow-spectrum drug that is used to treat Streptococcus and Treponema infections.

Penicillin (PCN)

_________ is narrow-spectrum drug and penicillin derivative used to treat Gram-positive cocci (I.e. Staphylococcus).

Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins (I.e. methicillin, oxacillin)

___________ are a penicillin derivative with some extra coverage against some Gram-negative bacteria, including Haemophilus, Moraxella, E.coli, anaerobes (Clostridia).

Ampicillin & Amoxicillin

____________ are a broad-spectrum penicillin derivative that is used against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms including Pseudomonas.

Extended-spectrum penicillins

____________ are “bodygaurds” to help protect the beta-lactam antibiotics from degredation.

Beta-lactamase Inhibitor

Augmentin is an example of which beta-lactam antibiotic and beta-lactamase inhibitor pair?

Amoxicillin/Clavulanate

Unasyn is an example of which beta-lactam antibiotic and beta-lactamase inhibitor pair?

Ampicillin/Sulbactam

Zosyn is an example of which beta-lactam antibiotic and beta-lactamase inhibitor pair?

Piperacillin/Tazobactam

Avycaz is an example of which beta-lactam antibiotic and beta-lactamase inhibitor pair?

Ceftazidime/Avibactam

____________ are a drug that is similar to penicillins, but possess a 6 chain ring + large R group that make it harder for beta-lactamases to destroy.

Cephalosporins

There are ____ generations of cephalosporins; as you increase generations you ______ Gram-negative coverage, but _____ Gram-positive coverage.

5, gain, lose

________ cephalosporins are narrow-spectrum drugs that are used to treat Gram-positive cocci, except for MRSA.

First Generation

________ cephalosporins are broad(er)-spectrum drugs that are used to treat Gram-positive cocci, except for MRSA, and some Gram-negatives including Haemophilus, Moraxella, E.coli.

Second generation

________ cephalosporins are broad-spectrum drugs that are used to treat Gram-positive cocci, except for MRSA, and some Gram-negatives including Neisseria and enteric rods (Salmonella). Kills most Pseudomonas.

Third Generation

________ cephalosporins are broade(er)-spectrum drugs that are used to treat Gram-positive cocci, except for MRSA, and some Gram-negatives. Effective against Pseudomonas.

Fourth generation

________ cephalosporins are broade(er)-spectrum drugs that are used to treat Gram-positive cocc and some Gram-negatives. Effective against MRSA.

Fifth generation (Ceftaroline)

________ are broad-spectrum drugs that differ from cephalosporins by 3 bulky side chains and require institutional approval for use. There is no MRSA/MRE coverage, but Mirapenem/Imipenem cover Pseudomonas.

Carbapenems

____________ are narrow-spectrum drugs that work against Gram-negatives, including Pseudomonas, and require institutional approval to use. Only example is Aztreonam.

Monobactams

Which organisms, based on their cell wall structure, are inherently resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics?

• Mycoplasma

• Intracellular/Atypicals/Not growable in culture

  • Spirochetes

  • Chlamydiae

  • Rickettsia

________ are a bactericidal drug that binds peptidoglycan and prevents cell wall cross-linking. First-line treatment against MRSA and used against C.dificile.

Glycopeptides (Vancomycin)

__________ is a naroow-spectrum “cyclic lipopeptide” that inserts into the cell membrane causing leaks and is used against Gram-positives including MRSA and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). Requires permission to use.

Daptomycin