Protected Area Management

Białowieża Forest 1541 status

First declared hunting reserve to protect bison

Yellowstone National Park founding year

1872

Primary driver of modern nature reserve establishment

Concerns over the impact of the Industrial Revolution on nature

George Catlin’s contribution to conservation

Proposed the idea of a "nation’s park" in 1832 to preserve wilderness

Three levels of biodiversity recognized by the 1992 CBD

Species, genetic, and ecosystem diversity

Role of dead wood in a forest ecosystem

A key habitat element providing resources and niches for many species

Consequence of missing large grazers like Aurochs

Lower forest heterogeneity and altered arrays of plants

Ecological benefit of the 1988 Yellowstone fires

Increased landscape heterogeneity and rapid vegetation regeneration

Primary difference between IUCN Category Ia and Ib

Ia is a Strict Nature Reserve

IUCN Category VI management objective

Sustainable use of natural ecosystems compatible with nature conservation

World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) purpose

Primary tool for tracking the global status of terrestrial and marine PAs

Natura 2000 SPAs

Special Protection Areas established under the Birds Directive

Natura 2000 SACs

Special Areas of Conservation established under the Habitats Directive

Total number of National Parks in Poland

23

Biebrza National Park significance

The largest National Park in Poland at 592 square kilometers

Management solution for high tourism pressure in Tatra NP

Spatial and temporal restrictions on visitor numbers modeled after Baxter State Park

Core conflict in the extension of Białowieża National Park

naturalists valuing primeval protection versus foresters and locals fearing economic loss

New Caledonia biodiversity characteristic

High degree of endemism, including 22 endemic birds like the Kagu

Main industrial threat to New Caledonia's biodiversity

Internal pressure from the nickel mining industry

Function of "green bridges" in landscape planning

Providing corridors for habitat cohesion and animal dispersal across roads