Roman Arch. Exam 2

Codicaria - flat-bottom river vessel

• used to transport goods from the big ships

Left

• minted under Nero, 62-68 CE

• Finished claudian port

• He is known for the bread and circus - bread - relation to the grain given out

Right

• Minted under Trajan, 122-114 CE

• Bird eyes view down onto the port

• More realistic about the architecture

Claudian Portico, Portus

• Horrea: Grain warehouse

• Annona: Grain dole

• Sections

  • Banchina Nord

  • Darena

  • Cortile

• To keep supply outside of Rome

House of Cupid and Psyche

• 4th c 

• Name based on statue

• Mosaics

  • Opus sectile

  • Black and white

Insula of Diana, Ostia

• Apartment

• Units that are shop fronts

• Units some are one room

• Seasonality of shipping - not everyone living year round

• Insula of Diana - named from plaque

• the higher up you go the cheaper they are

Horrea Epagathiana, Ostia

• 145-150 AD

• Owned by two freedmen, Epagathus and Epaphroditus

• Raised floors in grain building to prevent mold

• Multi-storied structure

• Common style/format Horrea

• Shops attached

• Courtyard

Mosaic

• Mensores: grain measurers 

• Modius - equivalent to  8.7 dry liters, ~2 US gallons

• Rutela - to level out the grain

• Scene - the hall of the measurers

Piazzale della Corporazione, Ostia

• Collegia: “guilds”

• Naviculari: Shippers

• Negotiantes: traders

• Sacred space and one of business, there is a temple in the middle 

• Capped on one end with a theatre

• Houses the collegia, business and religious gathering of individuals 

• Black and white mosaic that belong to a unit, mosaic out in front- offices belong to the collegia

  • Often tells you of the business of the unit, like wood shippers, 

• More commerce focused 

Isola Sacra

• False island between Portus and Ostia

• 1st c BCE - 4th CE

• Along the Via Severiana (road)

• Primary low and middle-class occupants

• Small to monumental tombs

Augustan Road

• Colonnaded street

Timeline

Sagalassos

• Late 5th BCE - Achaemenid Empire

• 333 BCE - Captured by Alexander the Great

• 3rd c -133 - Hellenistic Kingdoms

• 129 BCE - Bequeathed to Romans, becomes part of provincia Asia

• 63 BCE - Reorganisation of provinces and client kingdoms, ruled by Amynatas of Galatia in 36 BC, last ruler of the area

• 25 BCE - Death of Amyntas, incorporated into province of Galatia by Augustus

  • Temple of Apollo Klarios, marked city as Roman

• romans don’t knock down what was there and build up a roman Sagalassos around the Hellenistic Sagalassos

Sagalassos

• Roman period - roman additions, another agora(forum), arch, gateways, temple by gate, use street/gate way to lay out the city 

• Street - paved, colonnaded, also shoots off the street to shops, etc., 

• Hadrian first building boom after Augustus

• Benefaction

  • Locals dedicating money for spaces like priest getting money to build the Apollo Klarios to dedicate it to Augustus

• Hadrianic Nymphaeum:

  • The Sculptural Program

  • Nymphaeum - water feature, big water fountain

  • Built near the Apollo Klarios built under Augustus

    • Private citizen building to in the honor of an emperor 

Sagalassos Red Slipware (SRSW)

The Roman Empire at 117 AD

Temple of Apollo Klarios, Sagalassos

• Dedicated by Augustus - not example of imperial cult

• Imperial benefaction

• The high priest of the cult pays to revamp it 

• Imperial Cult

Temple of Divine Hadrian and Antonius Pius, Sagalassos

• Prominent family

• Imperial Cult

Temple of Imperial Cult

• Cordoba, Spain

• late 1st c. AD

• Example of Euergetism

  • Established under augustus and tiberius 

  • Dedicated under imperial cult center

  • Local individual who is buying into this 

Euergetism

• “Doing good deeds”

• Social obligation for social/political returns

• In Rome, and the provinces, by local elites and emperors

• Evidence

  • Public buildings

  • Honorific statues

  • Inscriptions

• Why?

  • Competitions of cities

  • Not all cities are going to be favored by Rome the same why

  • Build to be in contendence for neokoros

  • Attention from the emperor

Rock Sanctuary

• 200 BC - 250 AD

• Sagalassos

• Goes out of use in 250 AD

• Pottery

• Terricotta figurines

  • Aphrodite, Athena, Hygieia, Isis, Kybeele, Tyche, Eros, Hermes

• Glass vessel sherds

• Animal bones

• Roman don’t usually have natural sanctuaries

• Syncretize

  • Of the mother goddess and aphrodite

  • Shell necklace - aphrodite

  • Pacidian space having roman culture

Imperial Cult

• Imperial cult = worship of the deceased emperor

  • Neokoros: seat of Imperial cult in a province

    • Not only the emperor but also the whole family line

• Apotheosis (deification) recognized by Senate

• Popping up in  buildings that already exist

  • Small religious spaces in buildings

  • Temples

  • Any big public building, off to the side

• Process that is welcomed into provinces abroad

• Helped to

  • Regulate state-sponsored worship

  • Unify / enhance the connection of the provinces to the roman core

• Fit into polytheistic religion of the Empire

Hadrian’s Wall

• 2nd c. AD

• Begun in 122 AD

• 16 garrisons

• Medieval record of being 12 meters tall

• Defensive features

  • Not natural features

  • Ditch system to keep barrier between road

  • Vallum - shallower ditch, mound on either side

    • Runs almost the entirely the entire wall

Vindolanda

• In the middle of england

• Tablets

  • Found at Vindolada and auxiliary fort on Hadrian’s wall

  • Occupied from AD 85-370

  • Tablets from 5, pre-Hadrianic phases (AD 85-130)

  • Early forts - timber

  • Stone fort 2nd c CE overlays earliest forts

• Ink preserved on them

• Thin pieces of wood with cursive writing on them

• Stylus Tablet 836

  • Wax tablet

• May be attempts to burn the tablets, but bc it is so damp couldn’t

The Roman Castrum: Basic Layout

• Principia: head quarters

• Via Principia = main street

• Granary: grain storage

• Praetorium: “commander’s house”

Severan family portrait

• Severan AD 199

• Location: Fayum portrait (Egypt)

  • Similar to that of Fayum portrait

• No provenance -findspot

• No provenance before Berlin Museum

Portrait of Caracalla

• 212-217 AD

• Severan

• co-Augustus with Geta after father’s death

• First in line of military emperors - “military style”

• Angry facial features

• Not concerned looking like previous emperors

• Moved away with deep carving in hair, baroque style 

• Economic problem under Caracalla and continues after him

• Considered a reign of terror

Baths of Caracalla 

• Rome

• AD 211-217

• Standard format

• Bath experience

  • Cycle of rooms

    • Start cold progress into a warmer space and into a hot space, gradually

  • Symmetrical - one side for men and other for women

• Gifted to the people

• Artwork

  • Farnese Hercules - ‘weary hercules’, after last labor

    • Origin. 4th BC Greek

The Tetrarchs

• 305 AD

• Porphyry - material, imperial material - expensive 

• Once Constantinople, now Venice

• Augustus - bearded and Caesar are embraced

• Similitudo - similarity, imitation

  • Not individual portrait of individuals 

  • Harmony elected by the individuals who look similar

• Medallion of the Tetrarchy

  • Western tetrarchs on left, and Eastern on right

    • Strong joint message

Tetrarchy

• Ruling together but emperor of their own region

  • Put on their own building programs, etc. to enforce the notion of peace and stability

• Two Augustuses and Two Caesars

Tetrarch

• Porphyry

• Cairo

• Early 4th c

• Stippled bearded in organized way - not what a beard looks like

• Features are more abstracted than stylized 

• Convey power with long stare and jaw long - sever 

• Can’t tell who the tetrarch it is

Baths of Diocletian

• Symmetrical 

• Cycle of rooms

• Palaestra on each side

• Unlike Caracalla

  • Outer area

• Turned into a church - Santa Maria degli Angeli - its frigidarium

• Imperial baths would be all over the city

• Diocletian’s (retirement) Palace

  • Complex, scale of a roman camp town

  • Split, Croatia

  • Ca. 300

  • Hefty gates and wall - compared to military fortrace 

  • Peristyle

  • He dies in Split

    • Mausoleum w/in his palace

• Aurelian -Marks the shift from soldier emperors

  • Toward the end of the soldier emperors

  • Aurelian Wall

    • 12 miles circuit with towers every 100 RF , fortified gates

    • Built using walls of existing spaces, reuse of monuments for construction materials

      • Ex: ampetheatre is built into the wall

Arch of Constantine

• Rome

• AD 312-315

• After his victory at the Milvian bridge

• Different from other arch, it that it is a civil conflict not roman vs others

• Reuse of Hadrianic imagery, pull from Marcus Aurelius’, also Trajan

• Winged victory with trophy-like Arch of Titus

• “Great Trajanic Frieze” is reused in central arch

• Reliefs

  • Battle of Mulvian bridge

  • arrival in Rome

  • oration on rostra in Roman Forum

  • Largesse to citizens, “giving” imagery

Old St. Peter’s

• Apse

• Becomes the standard church format

• Under Constantine

Antonius Pius

• 140-150 AD

Hadrian

Temple of the Devine Hadrian

• Campus Martius, Rome

• Dedicated 145

Parthia, Personified

• Phrygian cap

• Temple of Deified Hadrian

• 145 CE

Scythia, Personified

• Temple of Deified Hadrian

• 145 CE

• Province reliefs

Wife of Antoninus Pius - Faustina the Elder

• 2nd half of the 2nd c

• Love match 

• Antonius has her deified after she dies

• He builds a temple for her

• Campus Martius

• AD 161

• Egyptian granite

• Sides

  • Front:

    •  Antonius and Faustina being deified apotheosis

    • Roma bottom right

    • Campus Martius holding the sun dial of Augustus

    • Classicizing mode, idealized bodies

  • 2nd side:

    • Identical 

    • Decursio

    • Guys surrounded by men on horseback

    • Stockier figures

    • Typically tied to local style, less realistic style proportions

Temple of Antonius and Faustina

• Roman Forum

• 141-161 AD

• They add Antonius name after he dies

Lucius Verus

• AD 160-169

• Co-emperor w/ Marcus Aurelius

• Silver bust- rare

• Some statues have Greek idealized, athletic

Marcus Aurelia

• Curly hair, slightly longer beard, forky beard

• Intellectual 

• co-emperor w/ Lucius Verus

Marcus Aurelius Equestrian statue

• Rome

• 175 ad

• Only bronze statue in full 

• At some time, people believed it was Constantine the first Christian emperor

• Gesture of clemency

• Saddle blanket- link its Sarmatian tribes, his success in a Marcomanni wars

• Column of Marcus Aurelius

  • Rome

  • 180-192 AD

  • Celebrate victory of Germanic tribes

  • Miracle of Rain

Commodus

• Commodus as Hercules

  • AD 190

  • Thinks of himself as a strong warrior type

  • Period = Antonine

  • His imagery link to Hercules, club, lion skin

• People would characterize as a megalomaniac

• Praetorian guard assassinates him

• Heavy lids - Marcus Aurelius and latter

• Son of Marcus Aurelius

• His is Damnatio Memoriae - erasure of memory, removing the face and physical signs of the emperor's presence form society

• Last of the Antonine line

Damnatio Memoriae

• coin of Commodus, minted 191 AD

•  erasure of memory

• removing the face and physical signs of the emperor's presence form society

Septimus Severus

• Sons: Caracalla + Geta

• Wife - Julia Domna

• Bust of Septimius Severus

  • 200-210 AD

• Has political clout from being a governor

• Military emperor

• Continuing the beard - Marcus Aurelius, the split beard

• Heaver eye lid

Julia Domna

• 201-211 AD

• New wig type

Porticus Octavia

• part of Severan (re-)building

• Inscription

  • Tell he replaces after the fire

• Gardens, Temples: of Juno Regina, and Jupiter Stator, library

• Originally built by Augustus and builds it for his sister

• Sculptures by a Greek sculptor

• Connection of artwork to roman women

• Triumphal Arch of Septimus Severus

  • Roman Forum, Rome

  • AD 203

  • Travertine with Proconnesia marble columns 

  • Decorative

  • First triple arch

  • Similarities of Titus’s arch

    • Winged victory holding a trophy

      • Depicted differently

    • Above main arch is a sculpture of a man

  • Imagery

    • Stack registers - Parthia and the Arab people

    • Parthian prisoners of war

      • Column bases

      • Phrygian cap - Parthians 

• Base Cornelia Africanus Statue

  • Mother of the Gracchi

    • 2nd CE brother

    • Known for reform in favor of the poor

    • So she is held up to be an ideal mother figure

Tetrapylon Triumphal arch of Septimius Severus

• Leptis Magna

• AD 203-204

• Broken Pediments - intentional

• Decorative

  • Flower stuff going inbetween

  • He has a special column type

    • Going back to flora and fana like Augustus

• Winged victory like on the arch of Titus

• Imagery

  • Triumph

    • Chariot like emperor in it and next to him is his wife, known with going on campaign with him

      • Procession of people

      • Peaceful scene

      • AD 203-204

    • Ritual Sacrifice

      • The cow being sacrifice

      • No human sacrifice in roman world

      • AD 203-204

Severan Basilica

• Severan form

• Leptis Magna, 216 AD

• Said he would bestow/dedicate the arch and Basilica

• Basilica - rectangular, central aisle with 2 side aisle, colomanide

• Modeled after the basilica olympia 

• Scroll - depict myths

  • Herakles labors

  • Dionysus, maenaids, panthers

  • Node to the original phoenician colony 

  • Severan baroque - deep drilling, creating a deep shadows, create dramatic

• Label on basilica said its finished by Caracalla, Imperator is fully written out when it is usually shortened

  • Why?

Temple of Venus-Astare

• Heliopolis

• Province: Syria (now Baalbek, Lebanon)

• Dedicated: Severan

• His wife is Syrian, familial ties

• Severan baroque

Forma Urbis

• In the Templum Pacis

• 18m x 13 m

• Stone map

• Building made by Septimius Severus so has to made in this time period

• Somethings are emphasis more than others

• Public buildings are labels not private

• Not a true map over given one point of time

Mithraism

• tauroctony - bull-slaying scene

• mystery cult

• levels of initiation

Jewish Community in Rome

• Synagogue in ostia 

• 56 AD

Augustus

Hadrian

Vespasian

Trajan

Julio-Claudians

27-68 AD

• Augustus

• Tiberius

• Caligula

• Claudius

• Nero

Flavians

69-98 AD

• Vespasian

• Titus

• Domitian

• Nerva

Nerva-Antonines

96-192 AD

• Nerva

• Trajan

• Hadrian

• Antoninus Pius

• Marcus Aurelius

• Lucius Verus

• Commodus

*Adopted emperors

Severans

193-235 AD

• Septimius Severus

• Caracalla

• Macrinus

• Elagabalus

• Alexander Severus

The Soldier Emperors

235-275 AD

• Maximinus Thrax

• Philip the Arab

• Trebonianus Gallus

• Aurelian

*NOT elected by the senate, the army made them Emperors of Rome

Tetrarchs

284-305

• Diocletian

• Maximian

• Constantius Chlorus

• Galerius

• Maxentius

• Licinius

• Constantine I

Spolia

• re-use of older architecture and decorative

• Severus does this in his building program

• so does Aurelian in his wall

Severan Baroque

• deep drilling, creating a deep shadow, create dramatic

• Example: Severian Basilica, the columns depicting Hercules Labors and imagery of Dionysus

Necropolis

• cemetery, “city of the dead”

• Ex:

  • Cerveteri

Chamber Tombs

• monument rectangular or square structure with a vaulted roof

• Isola Sacra

Vault Tomb

• a small chest like tomb, typically 1×2m

• Isola Sacra