Spn Grammar

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Last updated 7:03 PM on 5/25/26
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103 Terms

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Ser vs estar
  • how you feel and where you are, that is when you use estar

  • Fue for an action, estaba for a state

SER

  • for things that are permanent, cannot be changed overnight

  • identity, occupation, inherent qualities, physical appearence, date/time

ESTAR

  • location and temporary things

  • Moods, temporary traits

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Por vs para
- por is for cause and motive
- para is for purpose and destination

- hago esto para ti \= to give to you
- hago esto por ti \= on your behalf
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Choosing a tense in the past

Use imperfect if DEDURE(x) (haha Durex funny)

  • DEscripción

  • DUración

  • REpetición

Use preterite if a specific time

Careful because using preterite means the action is over; eg with names/ages etc it will always be impf becuase otherwise they are no longer called that or no longer alive

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Preterite tense
- used to show actions fully completed in the past
- at a specific point in time
- irregulars do not have accents!
- ar root changes do not change in pret eg contar is conté
- ir verbs w stem changes are annoying in 3rd person (sing and pl)
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Imperfect tense
- used to show actions in the past which were ongoing, habitual or of unspecified duration
- can be translated 'i used to...'
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Future tense
- add the endings -é, -ás, á, -emos, -éis,-án to the end of the infinitive
- remember accents!!
- eg Me levantaré temprano, I will get up early
- irreg stem is same as for the conditional eg dir-, har-, etc
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Conditional
- add endings '-ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían' to the infinitive
- 'I would do something'
- eg 'dije que hablaría con ella': I said that i would speak with her
- to say 'i *would have* done something', use conditional of haber + past participle (habría)

- be careful: frases w 'would'' in eng can be translated either with conditional OR imperfect
- I would go to the movies but I don't have time: cond, 'iría'
- I would go to the movies every weekend as a child (ie i used to): impf, 'iba'
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When to use each subjunctive
- present/future indicative --\> present subj
- past/conditional indicative --\> impf subj
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Present subjunctive
* switch er/ar endings
* for irreg: use the 1st person pres indic as stem eg hacer (hago) = haga
* irregular irregs are ser, ir, haber, saber
* Used to show doubt/uncertainty in pres/fut
* eg phrases ending 'que'


* Ojalá (hopefully)
* espero que
* dudo que
* no creo que
* any negative statement in the main clause plus ‘que’
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Imperfect subjunctive
- endings 'ra, ras, ra, ramos, rais, ran' on stem of *3rd pers plural preterite*
- no irregulars
- eg hablar\=hablaron\=habla\=hablara
- eg comer\=comieron\=comie\=comiera
- eg ser\=fueron\=fue\=fuera
- eg hacer\=hicieron\=hicie\=hiciera
- accent on vowel preceeding ending on 1st pers plural eg habláramos

When to use:
- if the main clause is in the past or pluperfect, eg 'he doubted that you could dance': dudaba que pudieras bailar
- if the subj verb refers to the past, eg 'it's incredible that you were born on the same day as me': es increíble que nacieras el mismo día que yo
- 'como si' phrases (ie 'as if'/'as though')
- the polite form of a verb eg quisiera
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Present perfect
- Pretérito perfecto
- I have done something
- auxiliary haber (present) + past participle
- yo he hablado
- he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han
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Pluperfect
- pretérito pluscuamperfecto
- I had done something
- auxiliary haber (impf) + past participle
- había hablado
- había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían
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Dealing with transitive verbs

The door opened suddenly

  • Transitive verbs require a direct object; eg to find

  • If there is no DO you need to use “se"

  • La puerta se abrió de repente

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Use of gerunds

A gerund in Spanish is an ADVERB; can't use without another verb

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conditional perfect
- i would have done something
- auxiliary haber (conditional) + past participle
- habría hablado
\-
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Future perfect
- futuro perfecto
- I will have done something
- auxiliary haber (fut) + past participle
- habré hablado
- habré, habrás, habrá, habremos habréis, habrán
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Progressive tenses
- formed by estar (relevant tense) + gerund
* estoy estudiando
* estaba estudiando
* estuve estudiando
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Direct object pronouns
- me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las
- standing in for the accusative noun
- eg 'I have a book': the book is the direct object
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Indirect object pronouns
- me, te, le, nos, os, les
- standing in for the dative noun, answering the question 'to/for whom?'
- eg 'I give you the book': the book is the direct object, *you* are the indirect object
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Sentences w two object pronouns
- the order as to what goes first is always RID: reflexive, indirect, direct
- 'he sends them to us' becomes 'to us them he sends': nos los manda
- la-la rule!! when both pronouns begin with 'l', change the *indirect* to 'se'
- eg 'I give it to him' (yo le lo doy) becomes 'yo se lo doy'
- if there are two verbs and two object pronouns, attach both pronouns to the second verb (infinitive) ie comérselo: *remember accent*
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Object governed verbs
- wtf are they
- what do they look like
- how/when are they used
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Reflexive pronouns
me, te, se, nos, os, se
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Passive voice
  • Formed by ser + past participle (w correct ending) + por

  • NOT ESTAR!

  • eg el libro fue escrito por mi hermano

  • Has to be for a transitive verb, otherwise it doesn’t work

  • tenses: es, fue, será

TO AVOID:

  • pronoun 'se' + verb in the third person plural; se vendieron tres casas

  • hay que/tener que

  • indefinite 'they' eg me han robado el coche, escuchaban la radio

  • se cierran las aulas con llave todas las tardes

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Conjugate 'dar' present tense
- doy, das, da, damos, dais, dan
- no accent
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Conjugate 'decir' present tense
digo, dices, dice, decimos, decís, dicen
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conjugate 'hacer' present tense
hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacéis, hacen
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conjugate salir present tense
salgo, sales, sale, salimos, salís, salen
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conjugate venir present tense
vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, venís, vienen
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conjugate oír present tense
oigo, oyes, oye, oimos, oís, oyen
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conjugate ver present tense
veo, ves, ve, vemos, veis, ven
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conjugate traer present tense
traigo, traes, trae, traemos, traéis, traen
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conjugate saber present tense
sé, sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabéis, saben
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Conjugate ar regular verbs preterite tense

-aste

-amos
-asteis
-aron
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Conjugate er/ir regular verbs preterite tense

-í -iste -ió -imos -isteis -ieron

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Ser/ir preterite
fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron
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estar preterite
estuve, estuviste, estuvo, estuvimos, estuvisteis, estuvieron
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poner preterite
puse, pusiste, puso, pusimos, pusisteis, pusieron
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hacer preterite
hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicisteis, hicieron
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venir preterite
vine, viniste, vino, vinimos, vinisteis, vinieron
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poder preterite
pude, pudiste, pudo, pudimos, pudisteis, pudieron
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traer preterite
traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajisteis, trajieron
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decir preterite
dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijisteis, dijieron
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tener preterite
tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvisteis, tuvieron
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querer preterite
quise, quisiste, quiso, quisimos, quisisteis, quisieron
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dar/ver preterite
- di, diste, dio, dimos, disteis, dieron
- vi, viste, vio, vimos, visteis, vieron
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gustar preterite
- sing me gustó
- pl me gustaron
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leer preterite
leí, leíste, leyó, leímos, leísteis, leyeron
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oir preterite
oí, oíste, oyó, oímos, oísteis, oyeron
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pedir preterite
- same for all ir root changes e--\>i eg conseguir, repetir, sonreír etc
- pedí, pediste, pidió, pedimos, pedisteis, pidieron
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dormir preterite
- same for all ir root changes o--\>u eg morir
- dormí, dormiste, durmió, dormimos, dormisteis, durmieron
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preferir preterite
- same for all ir root changes e--\>i eg divertirese, sentir
- preferí, preferiste, prefirió, preferimos, preferisteis, prefirieron
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producir preterite
- same for all verbs ending -ucir
- produje, produjiste, produjo, produjimos, produjisteis, produjeron
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imperfect tense ar regular
-aba
-abas
-aba
-ábamos
-abais
-aban
- pay attention to accent!
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imperfect tense ir/er regular
-ía
-ías
-ía
-íamos
-íais
-ían
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ser imperfect
- era, eras, era, éramos, erais, eran
- watch out for accent!
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ir imperfect
- iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, ibais, iban
- pay attention to accent!
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ver imperfect
veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veíais, veían
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Forming 'si' phrases
- si + pres + pres/fut for *likely outcomes*, similar to saying 'when something happens I always do xyz'
* si veo mi amiga, la saludo

- si + impf subj + cond for *hypothetical outcomes* eg 'if you were to study you would get good grades'
* si estudiaras, sacarías buenas notas

- si + plpf subj + past conditional for *things in the past*
* si hubiera estudiado, habría sacado notas mejores
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When to use subj

  • after a WEIRDO verb! usually followed by a 'que'

  • Wishes (quiero que, te pido que)

  • Emotions (me alegro de que)

  • Impersonal expressions (es necesario que)

  • Recommendations (recomienda que)

  • Doubt (dudo que, no creo que)

  • Ojalá

  • aunque usually takes subj

  • When cuando is in the future it takes subj

  • Ni que + subj (it’s not like)

  • No porque [subj] sino porque [indic]

  • No sabía que [subj] (to show extra surprise)

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adjs that change meaning with placement
- suficiente always goes before bc it's 'limiting'

- alto: high-class vs tall
- antiguo: old/former/ancient vs antique
- bajo: of low quality vs short
- bueno: simple/good vs good/gentle/generous
- cierto: certain vs true/correct
- diferente, distinto: various vs different
- dulce: good/nice vs sweet
- grande: great vs big
- pobre: unfortunate vs poor
- viejo: former/long-time vs old/aged
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decir conditional
diría, dirías, diría, diríamos, diríais, dirían
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hacer conditional
haría, harías, haría, haríamos, haríais, harían
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poder conditional
podría, podrías, podría, podríamos, podríais, podrían
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ponder conditional
pondría, pondrías, pondría, pondríamos, pondríais, pondrían
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querer conditional
querría, querrías, querría, querríamos, querríais, querrían
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saber conditional
sabría, sabrías, sabría, sabríamos, sabríais, sabrían
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salir conditional
saldría, saldrías, saldría, saldríamos, saldríais, saldrían
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Past participle test: escribir, hacer, morir, romper, volver, abrir, decir, poner, ver, descubrir
- escrito, hecho, muerto, roto, vuelto, abierto, dicho, puesto, visto, descubierto
- If an -er or -ir verb stem ends in a vowel, then the past participle is written with an accent over the i.
- eg oído and leído
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saber subjunctive
sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan
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subj of dar and estar
- dé, des, dé, demos, deis, den
- esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén
- note the accents!
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ir subjunctive
vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan
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ser subjunctive
sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean
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caber subjunctive
quepa
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coger subjunctive
coja
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caer subjunctive
caiga
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decir subjunctive
diga
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subj of tener, salir, traer, venir
tenga, salga, traiga, venga
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hacer subjunctive
haga
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estilo indirecto; indicative reported speech

  • if introductory verb is in present, the indirect speech stays the same

  • if introductory verb is in past....

  • pres becomes impf

  • pres subj becomes impf subj

  • impf stays the same

  • pf and pret become plpf

  • fut becomes conditional

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estilo indirecto; imperative
- if introductory verb is in present, use pres subj for indirect command
- if introductory verb is in past, use impf subj
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haber is needed a lot as an auxiliary:

pres, impf, pret, fut, cond, subj (pres and impf)
- present: he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han
- impf: había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían
- pret: hube, hubiste, hubo, hubimos, hubisteis, hubieron
- fut: habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habréis, habrán
- cond: habría, habrías, habría, habríamos, habríais, habrían
- pres subj: haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan
- impf subj: hubiera, hubieras, hubiera, hubiéramos, hubieráis, hubieran
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irreg imperative: ser, ir, hacer, tener, venir, decir, poner, salir
- only irreg for affirmative commands
- sé
- ve
- haz
- ven
- di
- pon
- sal
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indirect commands
- different from commands in indirect speech
- eg used for rules, generic commands, impersonal etc
- que + subj eg 'que tengan una buena semana'
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imperative; affirmative commands
- tu: 3rd person indicative (except for irregs)
- usted: 3rd person present subj
- nosotros (ie 'let's do xyz'): pres subj
- vosotros: infinitive with ending -d eg 'hablad'; if reflexive, put pronoun on end of word eg 'quedaos allí'
- ustedes: pres subj
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imperative; negative commands
- use the pres subj in the correct conj (ud. is 3rd sing, uds. is 3rd pl)
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3 years ago
hace 3 años
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I've lived in spain since [date]
desde [date] vivo en España
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I've lived in Spain for 3 years
Desde hace 3 años vivo en España
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I've been in Spain for 3 years
Llevo tres años en España
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hace (que) vs desde vs desde hace
- hace \= 'ago'
- hace que \= ongoing; like desde hace
- desde \= 'since'; followed by precise date
- desde hace \= 'for'; followed by time period
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Use of poner(se)
* sudden or brief change of state
* used with colour, health, state etc
* EXAMPLES
* ponerse rojo
* ponerse pálida
* ponerse enfermo
* ponerse nerviosa
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Use of quedar(se)
* Lasting change of state, ie as a result of sth
* Used with just adjectives or participles&adjectives
* EXAMPLES
* se quedó satisfecho
* se quedó sin dinero
* El libro ha quedado terminado
* quedarse calvo (bald)
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Use of volver(se)
* involuntary change of quality; more progressive/gradual
* used with adjectives for politics, nationality, values etc


* EXAMPLES
* Se ha vuelto bastante tacaño (stingy)
* Se ha vuelto un antipático
* se ha vuelto un trabajador imprescindible
* Se ha vuelto marxista
* se ha vuelto una persona inteligente
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Use of hacer(se)
* voluntary/intentional change of state
* EXAMPLES
* Se hizo rica
* Se ha hecho difícil que podamos ir de \n vacaciones
* se ha hecho jueza
* se ha hecho suizo para poder votar allí
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Uses of convertir(se) en
* involuntary change of class/quality; used with nouns
* EXAMPLES
* se convirtió en el autor más vendido
* la bruja le convirtió en rana
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Uses of llegar a ser/estar
* after a long process, lots of effort
* ser used with nouns, estar used with adjectives
* EXAMPLES
* llegó a ser abogado
* llegó a estar harto de su hermano
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Effect of making a verb reflexive
* implies intent
* Eg adelgazar to lose weight randomly vs adelgazarse to diet/work toward it etc
* mejorarse is to do with health whereas mejorar is generic improvement
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uses of ‘ya’
* already
* if the verb of the sentence is in past tense
* Lo he leído ya
* now
* if the verb refers to an anticipated action
* ya salen
* lo quiero ya
* still, any more
* usually when verb is in negative
* ya no trabaja aquí
* Add emphasis
* !ya basta!
* !ya, seguro!
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I don’t believe even for a second
ni por un secundo