psy unit 2 testtttt

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

partial

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle’s father is a ________.

model

In Pavlov’s classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________.

learned

Dave’s boss told him that he doesn’t have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave’s boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

You are a big fan of your grandmother’s chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________.

stimulus generalization

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

According to psychologist ________ classical conditioning is effective because of the ability of a person or animal to predict the relationship between the UCS and the CS.

Rescorla

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Which of the following is the best definition of reinforcer?

A stimulus or event that increases the probability that the response it follows will be repeated

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them.

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

extinction

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________.

stimulus discrimination

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

When Sara misbehaves, her parents respond by not allowing her to watch TV for a certain amount of time. Which strategy are her parents using to reduce her misbehavior?

punishment

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.

relearning

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

As the Dawson family sits down to Thanksgiving dinner, grandpa begins to tell the story of how he met grandma. She invited him to Thanksgiving dinner at her house after learning he was away from home. What type of memory is grandpa using?

episodic memory

Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states?

stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias.

hindsight

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval

The famous case of H.M. demonstrated ________ amnesia, a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones.

anterograde

Which of the following is a good example of the use of a mnemonic?

remembering the names of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES

You see a television commercial for a product you may want to buy, and there is a telephone number you must call to place an order. Because you don’t have anything with which to write down the number, you repeat it to yourself over and over again until you feel like you won’t forget it. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

Recent research conducted by Cowan (2010) has found that the capacity of working memory is how many units of information?

4 plus or minus 1

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report?

explicit memories

Katya studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary she can’t; instead she can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.

retroactive

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction; reconstruction

Barney used to live in Pittsburgh, and his telephone number started with the area code 412. Now he has moved to Baltimore, and his new telephone number has an area code of 410. Barney remembers his new area code by connecting it to the old one and just “subtracting two.” This is an example of ________ rehearsal.

elaborative

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells “the man with the blue shirt did it.” Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________, or the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

suggestibility

Terrance finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

acoustic

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

From a cognitive psychology perspective, why is getting plenty of sleep the night before an exam important?

It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory.

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. Because I am actively and consciously remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________ memory.

explicit

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

Within the semantic network model of memory, what would happen to concepts that are related to (or attached) to one that is currently being activated by thinking about it?

They would also be activated, though at a lower level.

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

Schemata

Adolescents (ages 12–18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. Erik Erikson would argue that during this period adolescents face the________ task of development.

identity vs. confusion

In their research with baby rhesus monkeys, the Harlows demonstrated that a strong determinant of attachment was _____.

contact comfort

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught and he’d get punished by his parents. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

pre-conventional

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.

fine

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

Cognitive

Psychologists use the term _____ to describe a characteristic style of behavior or disposition that is present from birth.

temperament

Carissa’s parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

permissive

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

secure

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, “Look mommy, apples!” His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.

accommodation

According to Piaget, what milestone occurs during the sensorimotor stage of development?

object permanence

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

When development proceeds in a stepwise fashion with periods of growth interrupted by periods where growth is not occurring, we’d say that development is taking a(n) ________ trajectory.

discontinuous

Which theorist promoted the idea that development is fundamentally affected by one’s culture as well as their interactions with their own environment?

Vygotsky

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use abstract thinking processes?

formal operational

Murray has a progressive condition that has caused him to experience a major deterioration of his mental abilities. He has lost much of his reasoning and judgment abilities, and he has great difficulty carrying out purposeful behavior. Based on this description, what is Murray’s condition most likely to be?

Alzheimer's disease

Victoria has learned that she has metastatic breast cancer and has only a few months to live. She immediately goes to church and prays that she will “change her ways” and will become a model Christian if God will just heal her illness. Victoria is at the _______ stage of grieving.

bargaining

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?

disorganized

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

authoritative

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees cars driving on television, she says, “Look mommy, truck!” This exemplifies ________.

assimilation

Ross has learned that he has Parkinson’s disease, and that in time he will lose some of his cognitive faculties. He and his wife have a lawyer draw up a document that names her a health care ________ who will be able to make medical decisions for Ross when he is unable to do so for himself.

proxy

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. Within the psychosocial model of development, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity vs. despair

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant’s needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. In Erikson’s developmental theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust vs. mistrust

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

zygote

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.

gross