Public Speaking Review: Chapters 3, 8, and 9

Vocabulary and concept flashcards covering communication delivery, persuasive theories, argumentation models, logic fallacies, and ceremonial speech styles from Chapters 3, 8, and 9.

Denotative Meaning

The literal, dictionary definition of a word.

Connotative Meaning

The emotional, cultural, or personal associations attached to a word through association or experiences.

Impromptu Delivery

Spontaneous, natural delivery with little to no preparation, often used for unexpected questions.

Extemporaneous Delivery

Prepared and practiced delivery that uses notes instead of a script and remains conversational.

Manuscript Delivery

Speech read word-for-word from a written text, best for formal or sensitive situations.

Memorized Delivery

Speech that is fully written and memorized, best for short ceremonial contexts like toasts.

Articulation

Also known as enunciation, this refers to the clarity of speech sounds.

Pronunciation

The correctness of how a word is said.

Rate

How fast or slow you speak.

Volume

How loud or soft you speak.

Pitch

How high or low your voice sounds.

Inflection

Intentional changes in pitch to add meaning or emotion, such as a rising pitch at the end of a question.

Posture

An open, upright stance that communicates confidence.

Eye Contact

A nonverbal skill that connects the speaker with the audience and increases credibility.

Gestures

Purposeful hand or arm movements used to emphasize ideas.

Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

A theory of persuasion involving two routes: the central route (logical processing) and the peripheral route (superficial cues).

Social Judgment Theory

A theory where people evaluate ideas based on latitudes of acceptance, rejection, and non-commitment.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

The theory that people experience discomfort when beliefs and actions conflict, motivating them to change.

Inductive Reasoning

Reasoning that moves from specific examples to a general conclusion.

Deductive Reasoning

Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.

Causal Reasoning

Reasoning that links cause to effect or effect to cause.

Analogical Reasoning

Comparing two similar things to explain or persuade.

Deliberation

One of Aristotle's genres of rhetoric that is future-oriented and focuses on practical solutions to problems.

Deliberative Dialogue

Engaging across disagreement to find shared concerns and work toward mutual solutions.

Literal Analogy

A comparison between two real, similar things.

Figurative Analogy

A symbolic comparison between things that are not usually associated.

Values

Deeply held ideals such as freedom or honesty.

Attitudes

A person's likes or dislikes.

Beliefs

What someone thinks is true.

Question of Fact

A persuasive claim that asks what is true.

Question of Value

A persuasive claim that asks what is right or wrong.

Question of Policy

A persuasive claim that asks what should be done.

Passive Agreement

A type of policy claim where the audience agrees with the idea but is not asked to act.

Direct Action

A type of policy claim where the audience is asked to take a specific action.

Toulmin Model: Claim

The required element of an argument representing the main argument being made.

Toulmin Model: Proof

The required evidence or support for an argument.

Toulmin Model: Warrant

The required reasoning that connects the evidence to the claim.

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

An organizational pattern consisting of five steps: Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, and Action.

Ethos

A speaker's credibility.

Pathos

An appeal to emotion.

Logos

An appeal to logic or evidence.

Red Herring

A logical fallacy that involves distracting from the real issue.

Ad Hominem

A logical fallacy involving attacking the person rather than the argument.

Slippery Slope

A logical fallacy claiming that one initial step will lead to extreme consequences.

False Cause

A logical fallacy that assumes causation exists simply because of correlation.

Bandwagon

A logical fallacy built on the idea that everyone is doing something.

Speech of Introduction

A ceremonial speech that prepares the audience for another speaker.

Eulogy

A ceremonial speech that honors someone who has died.

Metaphor

A direct comparison between two things, such as 'Her voice was velvet'.

Simile

A comparison between two things using 'like' or 'as'.

Personification

Giving human qualities to nonhuman things.

Parallelism

Repeating a grammatical structure for rhythmic effect.

Anaphora

Repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive clauses.

Antithesis

Contrasting ideas presented in parallel form, such as 'Speech is silver, silence is gold'.

Chiasmus

A stylistic device that involves reversing structure, as in 'Ask not what your country can do for you — ask what you can do for your country'.

Bathos

A sudden drop from a serious or elevated tone to a trivial one.

Alliteration

The repetition of initial consonant sounds.