NCM 107: ASSESSING FETAL AND MATERNAL HEALTH: PRENATAL CARE (ORPEZA) (DISORDERS)
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Last updated 11:47 PM on 11/10/22
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46 Terms
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Cysts or infection of Skene or Bartholin glands
Condylomata acuminata
Lichen sclerosis
Leukoplakia
Carcinoma of the vulva
Female circumcision
Condylomata acuminata
Lichen sclerosis
Leukoplakia
Carcinoma of the vulva
Female circumcision
Disorders of the Vulva
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Cysts or infection of Skene or
Bartholin glands
Bartholin glands
(Possible Symptoms)
Cysts appear as asymptomatic swelling at the sides of the urinary meatus or vestibule; if infected, glands appear swollen and reddened and can be painful
Cysts appear as asymptomatic swelling at the sides of the urinary meatus or vestibule; if infected, glands appear swollen and reddened and can be painful
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Cysts or infection of Skene or
Bartholin glands
Bartholin glands
(Significance and Suggested Therapy)
Such cysts are surgically incised to prevent blockage of the gland duct. Infections are treated with antibiotics.
Such cysts are surgically incised to prevent blockage of the gland duct. Infections are treated with antibiotics.
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Condylomata acuminata
(Possible Symptoms)
Painless cauliflower-like lesion on vulva
Painless cauliflower-like lesion on vulva
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Condylomata acuminata
(Significance and Suggested Therapy)
Tends to occur in women with chronic vaginitis. Caused by the same virus that causes common warts. Removed by cryocautery or knife excision.
Tends to occur in women with chronic vaginitis. Caused by the same virus that causes common warts. Removed by cryocautery or knife excision.
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Lichen sclerosis
(Possible Symptoms)
Whitish papules on the vulva; asymptomatic
Whitish papules on the vulva; asymptomatic
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Lichen sclerosis
(Significance and Suggested Therapy)
No need for removal; the area is biopsied, however, because leuko-plakia, a potentially cancerous condition, has an almost identical appearance.
No need for removal; the area is biopsied, however, because leuko-plakia, a potentially cancerous condition, has an almost identical appearance.
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Leukoplakia
(Possible Symptoms)
Thick, gray, patchy epithelium that cracks; possibly a prema-lignant state that infects eas-ily, accompanied by itching and pain
Thick, gray, patchy epithelium that cracks; possibly a prema-lignant state that infects eas-ily, accompanied by itching and pain
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Leukoplakia
(Significance and Suggested Therapy)
Therapy involves hydrocortisone and frequent return visits to health care personnel (every 6 months) for observation to detect any changes suggestive of carcinoma.
Therapy involves hydrocortisone and frequent return visits to health care personnel (every 6 months) for observation to detect any changes suggestive of carcinoma.
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Carcinoma of the vulva
(Possible Symptoms)
A shallow vulvar ulcer that does
not heal
A shallow vulvar ulcer that does
not heal
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Carcinoma of the vulva
(Significance and Suggested Therapy)
Vulvar cancer occurs most often in postmenopausal women; represents only 3% 4% of all reproductive tract cancers in women. Therapy is vulvectomy-vagina is left intact, and sexual relations and pregnancy, with cesarean birth to prevent tearing of fibrotic vulvar tissue, may be possible afterward.
Vulvar cancer occurs most often in postmenopausal women; represents only 3% 4% of all reproductive tract cancers in women. Therapy is vulvectomy-vagina is left intact, and sexual relations and pregnancy, with cesarean birth to prevent tearing of fibrotic vulvar tissue, may be possible afterward.
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Female circumcision
(Possible Symptoms)
Surgical removal of the clitoris; possibly vagina is sewed closed
Surgical removal of the clitoris; possibly vagina is sewed closed
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Female circumcision
(Significance and Suggested Therapy)
Illegal in United States; done as a cultural ritual in young girls from African and Middle Eastern countries. Vaginal stricture may need to be excised to allow for menstrual flow and childbirth.
Illegal in United States; done as a cultural ritual in young girls from African and Middle Eastern countries. Vaginal stricture may need to be excised to allow for menstrual flow and childbirth.
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Cervical polyp
Cervicitis (erosion)
Nabothian cyst
Cervical carcinoma
Cervicitis (erosion)
Nabothian cyst
Cervical carcinoma
Disorders of the Vagina and Cervix
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Cervical polyp
(Possible Symptoms)
Red, vascular, protruding pedunculated tissue that bleeds readily with trauma
Red, vascular, protruding pedunculated tissue that bleeds readily with trauma
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Cervical polyp
(Significance and Suggested Therapy)
May be discovered because of vaginal spotting on coitus, tampon insertion, or vaginal examination. Removed vaginally by excision. Often associated with chronic cervical inflammation.
May be discovered because of vaginal spotting on coitus, tampon insertion, or vaginal examination. Removed vaginally by excision. Often associated with chronic cervical inflammation.
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Cervicitis (erosion)
(Possible Symptoms)
Reddened cervical tissue with a
whitish exudate
Reddened cervical tissue with a
whitish exudate
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Cervicitis (erosion)
(Significance and Suggested Therapy)
Douching with a vinegar solution aids healing. May be treated with cryosurgery if extensive.
Douching with a vinegar solution aids healing. May be treated with cryosurgery if extensive.
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Nabothian cyst
(Possible Symptoms)
Clear shining circles on cervix from blocked gland ducts
Clear shining circles on cervix from blocked gland ducts
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Nabothian cyst
(Significance and Suggested Therapy)
No therapy necessary.
No therapy necessary.
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Cervical carcinoma
(Possible Symptoms)
Postcoital spotting, unexplained vaginal discharge, or spotting between menstrual periods
Postcoital spotting, unexplained vaginal discharge, or spotting between menstrual periods
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Cervical carcinoma
(Significance and Suggested Therapy)
The most frequent type of reproductive tract malignancy seen; risk factors include coitus with multiple partners or uncircumcised males, herpes type 2 or human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. Diagnosed by Pap test or colposcopy. Therapy is conization, radiation, or surgical excision. Pregnancy is possible following cervical carcinoma; cesarean birth may be necessary because of fibrotic cervical tissue. HPV vaccine can reduce the incidence.
The most frequent type of reproductive tract malignancy seen; risk factors include coitus with multiple partners or uncircumcised males, herpes type 2 or human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. Diagnosed by Pap test or colposcopy. Therapy is conization, radiation, or surgical excision. Pregnancy is possible following cervical carcinoma; cesarean birth may be necessary because of fibrotic cervical tissue. HPV vaccine can reduce the incidence.
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Endometrial cyst
Follicular cyst
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Corpus luteum cyst
Dermoid cyst
Serous cystadenoma
Carcinoma
Follicular cyst
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Corpus luteum cyst
Dermoid cyst
Serous cystadenoma
Carcinoma
Disorders of the Ovaries
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Endometrial cyst
(Possible Symptoms)
Chocolate-brown cyst on tender enlarged ovary; may cause acute pain if rupture occurs
Chocolate-brown cyst on tender enlarged ovary; may cause acute pain if rupture occurs
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Endometrial cyst
(Significance and Suggested Therapy)
Endometriosis is the cause; occurs in women age 20-40 years. Therapy is surgical excision; ovary may or may not be removed depending on extent of cyst.
Endometriosis is the cause; occurs in women age 20-40 years. Therapy is surgical excision; ovary may or may not be removed depending on extent of cyst.
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Follicular cyst
(Possible Symptoms)
Amenorrhea and possibly dyspareunia; ovary tender and enlarged
Amenorrhea and possibly dyspareunia; ovary tender and enlarged
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Follicular cyst
(Significance and Suggested Therapy)
Cysts typically regress after 1 or 2 months; low-dose oral contraceptive may be prescribed for 6-12 weeks to suppress ovarian activity; estrogen may be continued for 6 months.
Cysts typically regress after 1 or 2 months; low-dose oral contraceptive may be prescribed for 6-12 weeks to suppress ovarian activity; estrogen may be continued for 6 months.
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Polycystic ovary syndrome
(Possible Symptoms)
A syndrome of chronic follicular cysts, anovulation, insulin resistance, and excess testosterone production leading to perimenopausal onset of hirsutism, obesity, subfertility, and elevated triglycerides
A syndrome of chronic follicular cysts, anovulation, insulin resistance, and excess testosterone production leading to perimenopausal onset of hirsutism, obesity, subfertility, and elevated triglycerides
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Polycystic ovary syndrome
(Significance and Suggested Therapy)
Excess testosterone secretion by ovaries leads to inhibition of
follicle-stimulating hormone and anovulation, causing subtertil-ity. Weight loss, reduction in triglycerides and cholesterol levels, clomiphene citrate therapy to induce ovulation, and a combination of spironolactone (Aldactone) with estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives to reduce hirsutism are all used as therapy.
Excess testosterone secretion by ovaries leads to inhibition of
follicle-stimulating hormone and anovulation, causing subtertil-ity. Weight loss, reduction in triglycerides and cholesterol levels, clomiphene citrate therapy to induce ovulation, and a combination of spironolactone (Aldactone) with estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives to reduce hirsutism are all used as therapy.
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Corpus luteum cyst
(Possible Symptoms)
Delayed menstrual flow followed by prolonged bleeding; ovary enlarged and tender
Delayed menstrual flow followed by prolonged bleeding; ovary enlarged and tender
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Corpus luteum cyst
(Significance and Suggested Therapy)
A corpus luteum persists rather than atrophies. Most regress in about 2 months; a low-dose oral contraceptive may be prescribed for
6 weeks to suppress ovarian activity.
A corpus luteum persists rather than atrophies. Most regress in about 2 months; a low-dose oral contraceptive may be prescribed for
6 weeks to suppress ovarian activity.
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Dermoid cyst
(Possible Symptoms)
Asymptomatic; ovary enlarged
on examination
Asymptomatic; ovary enlarged
on examination
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Dermoid cyst
(Significance and Suggested Therapy)
Cyst originates from embryonic tissue; may contain hair, cartilage, and fat. Most common ovarian tumor of childhood; also occurs at age 30-50 years. Therapy is surgical resection.
Cyst originates from embryonic tissue; may contain hair, cartilage, and fat. Most common ovarian tumor of childhood; also occurs at age 30-50 years. Therapy is surgical resection.
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Serous cystadenoma
(Possible Symptoms)
Bilateral; asymptomatic except for signs of pelvic pressure
Bilateral; asymptomatic except for signs of pelvic pressure
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Serous cystadenoma
(Significance and Suggested Therapy)
The most common type of ovarian cyst; high malignancy rate of 20%-30%. Therapy is surgical resection.
The most common type of ovarian cyst; high malignancy rate of 20%-30%. Therapy is surgical resection.
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Carcinoma
(Possible Symptoms)
Asymptomatic; intermenstrual bleeding
Asymptomatic; intermenstrual bleeding
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Carcinoma
(Significance and Suggested Therapy)
Ovarian cancer originates in epithelial tissue most often in women over 50 years of age. Tendency may be inherited; environmental contamination such as use of talcum powder may play a role in development. Therapy is hysterectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy.
Ovarian cancer originates in epithelial tissue most often in women over 50 years of age. Tendency may be inherited; environmental contamination such as use of talcum powder may play a role in development. Therapy is hysterectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy.
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Endometrial polyp
Leiomyomas (fibroids)
Endometrial carcinoma
Uterine prolapse
Leiomyomas (fibroids)
Endometrial carcinoma
Uterine prolapse
Disorders of the Uterus
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Endometrial polyp
(Possible Symptoms)
Intermenstrual bleeding
Intermenstrual bleeding
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Endometrial polyp
(Significance and Suggested Therapy)
Polyp is removed by dilatation and curettage.
Polyp is removed by dilatation and curettage.
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Leiomyomas (fibroids)
(Possible Symptoms)
Asymptomatic or with increased menstrual flow; uterus may be enlarged
Asymptomatic or with increased menstrual flow; uterus may be enlarged
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Leiomyomas (fibroids)
(Significance and Suggested Therapy)
Muscle and fibrous connective tissue form in response to estrogen stimulation. May increase in size during pregnancy; may cause interference with cervical dilatation and result in postpartal hemor-rhage. Stress to the myometrium by uterine contractions may be the original cause of formation. Therapy is embolization (blocking the blood supply), oral contraceptives or gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists to lower estrogen level, surgical resection (myomectomy), or hysterectomy if childbearing is complete.
Muscle and fibrous connective tissue form in response to estrogen stimulation. May increase in size during pregnancy; may cause interference with cervical dilatation and result in postpartal hemor-rhage. Stress to the myometrium by uterine contractions may be the original cause of formation. Therapy is embolization (blocking the blood supply), oral contraceptives or gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists to lower estrogen level, surgical resection (myomectomy), or hysterectomy if childbearing is complete.
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Endometrial carcinoma
(Possible Symptoms)
Vaginal bleeding between menstrual periods
Vaginal bleeding between menstrual periods
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Endometrial carcinoma
(Significance and Suggested Therapy)
Diagnosis is by endometrial washing, not Pap test. Initial therapy is hysterectomy.
Diagnosis is by endometrial washing, not Pap test. Initial therapy is hysterectomy.
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Uterine prolapse
(Possible Symptoms)
Vaginal pressure and low back pain
Vaginal pressure and low back pain
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Uterine prolapse
(Significance and Suggested Therapy)
The uterus has descended into the vagina due to overstretching of uterine supports and trauma to the levator ani muscle. Occurs most often in women who had insufficient prenatal care, birth of a large infant, a prolonged second stage of labor, bearing-down efforts or extraction of a baby before full dilatation, instrument birth, and poor healing of perineal tissue postpartally. Therapy is surgery to repair uterine supports or placement of a pessary, a plastic uterine support. Women with pessaries in place need to return for a pelvic examination every 3 months to have the pes-sary removed, cleaned, and replaced and the vagina inspected; otherwise, vaginal infection or erosion of the vaginal walls can result. Surgical replacement is also possible.
The uterus has descended into the vagina due to overstretching of uterine supports and trauma to the levator ani muscle. Occurs most often in women who had insufficient prenatal care, birth of a large infant, a prolonged second stage of labor, bearing-down efforts or extraction of a baby before full dilatation, instrument birth, and poor healing of perineal tissue postpartally. Therapy is surgery to repair uterine supports or placement of a pessary, a plastic uterine support. Women with pessaries in place need to return for a pelvic examination every 3 months to have the pes-sary removed, cleaned, and replaced and the vagina inspected; otherwise, vaginal infection or erosion of the vaginal walls can result. Surgical replacement is also possible.
