Comprehensive Fertility, Health, Family, Migration, and Environment Theories

What did Malthus argue?

Population tends to grow faster than the food supply, leading to poverty and scarcity.

What did Marx argue?

Overpopulation is a result of how capitalism organizes work, inequality, and access to resources.

What is the First Demographic Transition?

The shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates, with mortality usually falling before fertility.

What is the Second Demographic Transition?

Low fertility and changing family forms through social norms, autonomy, and weakened authority.

What is modernization theory in fertility?

Fertility decline through urbanization, industrialization, education, wage labor, and rising costs of children.

What is diffusion theory in fertility?

Fertility decline spreads through social learning and new cultural norms and contraception.

What is the Gender Revolution framework?

Fertility falls when women move into work and education faster than men move into caregiving and domestic labor.

What is economic theory of fertility decline?

Fertility is cost-benefit thinking, especially investing more in fewer children.

What is sociological theory of fertility decline?

Fertility decline through changing norms and values about family size and reproduction.

What is the Coale framework?

Fertility decline requires people to be ready, willing, and able.

What is the low fertility trap hypothesis?

Low fertility reinforces itself through fewer future parents, cultural norms, and aging pressures.

What is McDonald's gender equity theory?

Low fertility happens when women have high equality in education and work but low equality in the household and welfare system.

What are health transitions/epidemiological theories?

Societies move from deaths caused by infectious disease/famine toward chronic disease/disability.

What is the theory of non-communicable disease risk factors?

NCD risks are shaped by lifestyle like diet, tobacco use, work, and environment.

What is globalization and health theory?

Globalization spreads both resources and health risks, including processed diets, sedentary lifestyles, and harmful marketing.

What is DALYs theory?

Health burden = years lost from early death + years lived with disability.

What is health spending theory?

Health spending improves outcomes most in poorer settings, but gains become smaller at higher spending levels.

What is ageing and morbidity theory?

It focuses on whether longer lives mean more healthy years or more years lived in poor health.

What are morbidity scenarios?

1. expansion of morbidity 2. compression of morbidity, or 3. dynamic equilibrium.

What is the morbidity vs disability distinction?

Disease does not always mean having a serious disability.

What is counter-transitions theory?

Health progress is not always linear because infectious disease threats can return (i.e., new pathogens or antimicrobial resistance).

What is mental health transition theory?

People survive longer, so mental health and disability become a more significant population health burden.

What is social determinants of mental health theory?

Poverty, violence, insecurity, and inequality shape mental health outcomes.

What is systems gaps theory in mental health?

Poor mental health outcomes are due to underfunding, stigma, weak services, and rights failures.

What is the theory of health inequality and inequity?

Lower social position is linked to worse health and earlier death.

What is the social gradient theory?

Health worsens step by step as social position declines, not only among the poorest.

What is social determinants theory?

Health outcomes explained by broader social conditions like income, education, housing, and work.

What is Fundamental Cause Theory?

Socioeconomic status (SES) remains a root cause of health inequality because of 6 resources: money, knowledge, prestige, power, and social connections.

What is climate and digital inequity theory?

Climate change and unequal access to technology deepen health inequalities.

What is policy and equity theory?

Universal services, primary care, and social protection = health inequality.

What is equity as political choice theory?

Health equity depends on political decisions and structural action, not only medical care.

What is individualisation theory?

Family change through greater autonomy, weakening marriage as the default.

What is family systems theory?

Less marriage and more household patterns through local kinship systems.

What is modernization theory in family change?

Development produces smaller, more nuclear, and egalitarian families.

What is SDT in family change?

Delayed marriage, more cohabitation, and more diverse family forms as societies become more individualised.

What is prospective age theory?

It measures aging by years of life remaining rather than years already lived.

What is the prospective old-age dependency ratio theory?

It adjusts the definition of old age according to life expectancy, which can make aging look less severe than conventional measures suggest.

What is ageing from the bottom?

Population aging mainly through fertility decline, which reduces the share of children and raises the average age.

What is ageing from the top?

Population aging through lower mortality at older ages, which increases the share of elderly people.

What is the limited lifespan hypothesis?

Biological aging sets an upper limit on how far life expectancy can rise.

What is the radical life extension hypothesis?

Medical and scientific advances may continue pushing life expectancy much higher.

What is the New Map of Life?

Longer-lived societies need flexible life courses instead of a simple education-work-retirement model.

What is neoclassical macro theory?

Migration as a response to wage differences between countries.

What is neoclassical micro theory?

Migration as an individual decision based on cost-beneefit.

What is the New Economics of Labour Migration?

Migration as a household strategy to diversify income.

What is segmented labour market theory?

Migration is driven by labor demand in richer countries for low-status or insecure jobs.

What is world systems theory?

Migration shows how economic and colonial ties connect core and peripheral regions, a natural consequence of economic globalization whereby companies now operate across national boundaries

What is perpetuation of migration theory?

Migration often continues even after original causes change because networks and institutions make further movement easier.

What is network theory?

Existing migrants reduce the risks and costs of migration for later migrants from the same community.

What is institutional theory in migration?

Recruiters, lawyers, remittance services, and smugglers.

What is cumulative causation theory?

Migration changes social and economic conditions in ways that make future migration more likely.

What is IPAT?

IPAT explains environmental impact as the product of population, affluence, and technology.

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